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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

OR

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

OR

OR

Date of event requiring this shell company report                

For the transition period from                    to

Commission file number: 001-40529

Missfresh Limited

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

N/A

(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

Cayman Islands

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

3rd Floor, Block A, Vanke Times Center

No. 9 Wangjing Street

Chaoyang District, Beijing 100016

The People’s Republic of China

+86 10 6475 3390

(Address of principal executive offices)

Zheng Xu, Chief Executive Officer

Telephone: +86 10 6475 3390

Email: ir@missfresh.cn

3rd Floor, Block A, Vanke Times Center

No. 9 Wangjing Street, Chaoyang District

Beijing 100016

The People’s Republic of China

(Name, Telephone, Email and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

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Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

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707,108,997 ordinary shares outstanding (consisting of 86,383,174 Class A ordinary shares and 620,725,823 Class B ordinary shares), par value US$0.0001 per share, as of December 31, 2022.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ◻ Yes   ☒ No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. ☐ Yes   ☒ No

Note – Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☐ Yes   ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☐  Yes   ☒  No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

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If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. ☐ Item 17   ☐ Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes   ☒ No

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. ☐ Yes   ☐ No

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INTRODUCTION

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references in this annual report to:

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Our reporting currency is the Renminbi. Unless otherwise stated, all translations of Renminbi into U.S. dollars were made at RMB6.8972 to US$1.00, the exchange rate set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board on December 30, 2022. We make no representation that the Renminbi or U.S. dollars amounts referred to in this annual report could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate or at all. On July 28, 2023, the exchange rate set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board was RMB7.1488 to US$1.00.

Due to rounding, numbers presented throughout this annual report may not add up precisely to the totals provided and percentages may not precisely reflect the absolute figures.

Effective October 17, 2022, we effected a change of the ratio of the ADS to our Class B ordinary shares from one ADS representing three Class B ordinary share to one ADS representing ninety Class B ordinary shares. Currently, each ADS represents ninety Class B ordinary shares. The change in the ratio of the ADS to our Class B ordinary shares had no impact on our underlying Class B ordinary shares, and no Class B ordinary shares were issued or cancelled in connection with the change in the ratio of the ADS to our Class B ordinary shares. Unless otherwise indicated, ADSs and per ADS amount in this annual report have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the changes in ratio for all periods presented.

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FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

This annual report contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current expectations and views of future events. The forward-looking statements are contained principally in the sections entitled “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors,” “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview.” Known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those listed under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors,” may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

You can identify some of these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “is/are likely to,” “future,” “potential,” “continue” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include statements relating to:

These forward-looking statements involve various risks and uncertainties. Although we believe that our expectations expressed in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, our expectations may later be found to be incorrect. Our actual results could be materially different from our expectations. Important risks and factors that could cause our actual results to be materially different from our expectations are generally set forth in “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors,” “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview,” “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation” and other sections in this annual report. You should read thoroughly this annual report and the documents that we refer to with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from and worse than what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

This annual report contains certain data and information that we obtained from various government and private publications. Statistical data in these publications also include projections based on a number of assumptions. The neighborhood retail market in the PRC may not grow at the rate projected by market data, or at all. Failure of this market to grow at the projected rate may have a material and adverse effect on our business and the market price of the ADSs. In addition, the rapidly evolving nature of this industry results in significant uncertainties for any projections or estimates relating to the growth prospects or future condition of our market. Furthermore, if any one or more of the assumptions underlying the market data are later found to be incorrect, actual results may differ from the projections based on these assumptions. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

The forward-looking statements made in this annual report relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this annual report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

You should read this annual report and the documents that we refer to in this annual report and have filed as exhibits, of which this annual report is a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.

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PART I

ITEM 1.IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2.OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3.KEY INFORMATION

Our Holding Company Structure

Missfresh Limited is not an operating company but a Cayman Islands holding company with operations primarily conducted by its subsidiaries based in China. We and our subsidiaries are subject to complex and evolving PRC laws and regulations and face various legal and operational risks and uncertainties relating to doing business in China. For example, the PRC government has recently issued statements and regulatory actions relating to areas such as the regulatory approvals on offshore offerings and listings by, and foreign investment in, China-based users, anti-monopoly actions and oversight on cybersecurity and data privacy. These risks and uncertainties may impact our ability to conduct certain businesses, accept foreign investments, or list or conduct offerings on a United States or other foreign exchange, and could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, or cause the value of such securities to significantly decline. For a detailed description of risks relating to doing business in China, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China.”

The PRC government has significant authority in regulating our operations and may influence our operations. It may exert more oversight and influence over offerings conducted overseas by, and foreign investment in, China-based issuers, which could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors. Implementation of industry-wide regulations, including data security or anti-monopoly related regulations, in this nature may cause the value of such securities to significantly decline. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—The PRC government’s significant oversight and influence over our business operation could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs.”

Risks and uncertainties arising from the legal system in China, including risks and uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws and quickly evolving rules and regulations in China, could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system and changes in laws and regulations in China could adversely affect us.”

Permissions and Approvals Required from the PRC Authorities for Our Operations

We conduct our business primarily through our subsidiaries in China. Our operations in China are governed by PRC laws and regulations. As of the date of this annual report, our PRC subsidiaries have obtained the requisite permissions and approvals from the PRC government authorities that are material for the business operations of our holding company and our subsidiaries in China. Given the uncertainties of interpretation and implementation of relevant laws and regulations and the enforcement practice by relevant government authorities, we may be required to obtain additional permissions and approvals for the functions and services of our businesses in the future. If we or our subsidiaries do not receive or maintain any necessary permissions or approvals, inadvertently conclude that such permissions or approvals are not required, or if applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change and we are required to obtain such permissions or approvals in the future, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain the necessary permissions or approvals in a timely manner, or at all, and such approvals may be rescinded even if obtained. Any such circumstance could subject us to penalties, including fines, suspension of business, and revocation of required licenses, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or become worthless. For more detailed information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—Any lack of requisite approvals, licenses or permits applicable to our business or any failure to comply with applicable laws or regulations may have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.”

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The PRC governmental authorities have promulgated PRC laws and regulations relating to cybersecurity review and overseas listings. In connection with our business operations and future issuance or offering of securities, as advised by Han Kun Law Offices, our PRC legal counsel, we will be required to fill with the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, in accordance with the newly enacted Trial Administrative Measures of the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, promulgated by the CSRC on February 17, 2023. Moreover, in certain circumstances, the relevant PRC governmental authorities may perform cybersecurity review on us. For more detailed information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—The approval of and filing with the CSRC or other PRC government authorities will be required in connection with our future offshore offerings under PRC law, and we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—Our business is subject to complex and evolving Chinese and international laws and regulations regarding data privacy and cybersecurity.”

The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act

Pursuant to the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspections by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), or the PCAOB, for two consecutive years, the SEC will prohibit our shares or the ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report to notify the SEC of its determination that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, including our auditor. In December 2022, the SEC conclusively listed us as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA following the filing of our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB issued a report that vacated its December 16, 2021 determination and removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. For this reason, we do not expect to be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA after we file this annual report on Form 20-F. Each year, the PCAOB will determine whether it can inspect and investigate completely audit firms in mainland China and Hong Kong, among other jurisdictions. If PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong and we continue to use an accounting firm headquartered in one of these jurisdictions to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, we would be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer following the filing of the annual report on Form 20-F for the relevant fiscal year. There can be no assurance that we would not be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer for any future fiscal year, and if we were so identified for two consecutive years, we would become subject to the prohibition on trading under the HFCAA. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditor in the past has deprived our investors with the benefits of such inspections” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China —Our ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in China. The delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.”

Cash and Asset Flows through Our Organization

Missfresh Limited is a holding company with no operations of its own. We conduct our operations through our subsidiaries in China. As a result, although other means are available for us to obtain financing at the holding company level, Missfresh Limited’s ability to pay dividends to the shareholders and investors of the ADSs and to service any debt it may incur may depend upon dividends paid by our PRC subsidiaries. If any of our PRC subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends to Missfresh Limited. In addition, our PRC subsidiaries are permitted to pay dividends to Missfresh Limited only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Further, our PRC subsidiaries are required to make appropriations to certain statutory reserve funds or may make appropriations to certain discretionary funds, which are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of a solvent liquidation of the companies. For more details, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Holding Company Structure.” and “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors— Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.”

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The ability to transfer cash and other assets within our organization may be subject to conditions and restrictions pursuant to the applicable laws and regulations. For example, under the PRC laws and regulations, Missfresh Limited may provide funding to our PRC subsidiaries only through capital contributions or loans, subject to satisfaction of applicable government registration and approval requirements. Missfresh Limited’s ability to pay dividends to the shareholders and the ADS holders and to service any debt it may incur may depend upon dividends paid by our PRC subsidiaries. Additionally, under PRC laws and regulations, our PRC subsidiaries are subject to certain restrictions with respect to paying dividends or otherwise transferring any of their net assets to us. Remittance of dividends by a wholly foreign-owned enterprise out of China is also subject to examination by the banks designated by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE. The amounts restricted include the paid-up capital and the statutory reserve funds of our PRC subsidiaries, totaling RMB3,217.8 million, RMB9,069.5 million and RMB9,935.3 million (US$1,440.5 million) as of December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. Furthermore, cash transfers from our PRC subsidiaries to entities outside of China are subject to PRC legal requirements and procedures on currency conversion. To the extent cash in our business is in the PRC or a PRC entity, such cash may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the PRC due to PRC legal requirements and procedures imposed on us or our PRC subsidiaries to transfer cash outside of the PRC. Shortages in the availability of foreign currency may temporarily delay the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to remit sufficient foreign currency to pay dividends or other payments to us, or otherwise satisfy their foreign currency denominated obligations. In view of the foregoing, to the extent cash in our business is held in China or by a PRC entity, such cash may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of the PRC. For risks relating to the fund flows of our operations in China, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business” and “—Legal requirements and procedures of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.”

Under PRC law, Missfresh Limited may provide funding to our PRC subsidiaries only through capital contributions or loans, subject to satisfaction of applicable government registration and approval requirements. In the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, Missfresh Limited provided capital contributions and loans with outstanding principal amount of RMB1,226.4 million, RMB3,452.9 million and RMB424.9 million (US$61.6 million), respectively, to our intermediate holding companies and subsidiaries.

As of December 31, 2022, Missfresh Limited, the parent company, had made cumulative capital contribution of RMB11,005.6 million (US$1,595.7 million) to our PRC subsidiaries through intermediate holding companies.

In the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, no assets other than cash were transferred through our organization.

In the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, no dividends or distributions were made to Missfresh Limited, the parent company, by our subsidiaries.

In the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, no dividends were made to U.S. investors.

Missfresh Limited has not declared or paid any cash dividends, nor does it have any present plan to pay any cash dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividend Policy.” For PRC and United States federal income tax considerations of an investment in our ADSs, see “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation.” For purposes of illustration, the following discussion reflects the hypothetical taxes that might be required to be paid within China and Hong Kong, assuming that: (i) we have taxable earnings, and (ii) we determine to pay a dividend in the future:

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Summary of Risk Factors

Investing in our ADSs involves significant risks. The operational and legal risks as well as the potential consequences associated with being based in and having operations in mainland China as discussed in relevant risk factors under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry” also apply to operations in Hong Kong and Macao. You should carefully consider all of the information in this annual report before making an investment in our ADSs. Below please find a summary of the principal risks we face, organized under relevant headings. These risks are discussed more fully in the section titled “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors.”

Risks Relating to Our Audit Committee Independent Review, Internal Controls and Related Matters

Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry

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Risks Relating to Doing Business in China

Risks Relating to Our ADSs and Shares

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Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Risks Relating to Our Audit Committee Independent Review, Internal Controls and Related Matters

We substantially completed an audit committee independent review in 2022, which required significant management time and attention, resulted in significant legal and other expenses, and led to the termination of a number of employees.

As previously announced in April 2022, the independent audit committee of our board of directors (the “Audit Committee”), with the assistance of third-party professional advisors—including a leading international law firm and forensic accounting experts from a Big-Four accounting firm that is not our auditor—conducted an independent internal review of certain transactions carried out by our Next-Day Delivery Business Unit (“Next-Day Delivery BU”) with third-party suppliers and customers in 2021 (the “Review”). The Review involved analyzing and sample-testing certain transactions carried out by the Next-Day Delivery BU in 2021; reviewing select documents, including electronic data collected from certain Company management-level executives and relevant employees in the Next-Day Delivery BU in 2021; and interviewing Company management-level executives and relevant employees who were available and willing to participate in such interviews.

As previously announced in July 2022, the Review is substantially complete and identified certain transactions carried out by the Next-Day Delivery BU in 2021 that exhibited characteristics of questionable transactions, such as undisclosed relationships between suppliers and customers, different customers or suppliers sharing the same contact information, and/or lack of supporting logistics information. As a result, certain revenue associated with these reporting periods in 2021 may have been inaccurately recorded in our financial statements. Based on the Review’s investigative steps as described above, the individual employees in the Next-Day Delivery BU responsible for carrying out the questionable transactions have been identified. All of them gave notices of resignation to us before the conclusion of the Review. The Review did not uncover any evidence indicating that Company management-level executives were involved in or aware of any misconduct relating to the questionable transactions at the time of their occurrence. For more details, see “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Independent Review.”

We incurred significant costs in connection with the Review, and our management team devoted significant time to the Review. We and our current and former directors and officers have been and may continue to be subject to litigation claims and to regulatory inquiries, investigations, or other proceedings arising from or relating to the Review. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.” Any lawsuits that have been or may be filed, or any regulatory inquiries, investigations, or proceedings that may be commenced, will likely consume a significant amount of our internal resources and result in additional costs.

We have entered into indemnification agreements with our current and former directors and officers, and our articles of association require us, to the fullest extent permitted by Cayman Islands law, to indemnify each of our directors and officers who is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding by reason of the fact that he or she is or was our director or officer. Although we maintain insurance coverage in amounts and with deductibles that we believe are appropriate for our operations, our insurance coverage may not cover all claims that may be brought against us or our current and former directors and officers, and insurance coverage may not continue to be available to us at a reasonable cost. As a result, we may be exposed to substantial uninsured liabilities, including pursuant to our indemnification obligations, which could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, results of operations and financial condition.

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Matters relating to or arising from the Review, including adverse publicity and potential concerns from our customers and partners, have had and could continue to have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

We have been and could continue to be the subject of negative publicity focusing on the Review and adjustments of our unaudited financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2021, June 30, 2021 and September 30, 2021 as previously furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K, and we may be adversely impacted by negative reactions from our investors, consumers, partners or others with whom we do business. Concerns include the perception of the effort required to address our accounting and control environment, and the ability for us to be a long-term provider to our customers. Continued adverse publicity and potential concerns from our investors, customers, partners and others could harm our business and have an adverse effect on our financial condition.

If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations, or prevent fraud, and investor confidence and the market price of the ADSs may be adversely affected.

We are now a public company in the United States subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires that we include a report of management on our internal control over financial reporting in our annual report on Form 20-F. Our management has concluded that we did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 due to material weaknesses identified. In addition, as we are no longer an emerging growth company, we will also be subject to the requirement that an independent registered public accounting firm must issue an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, if we become a large accelerated filer or an accelerated filer. See “Item. 15 Controls and Procedures—Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.” Our management may continue to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue a report that is qualified if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. In addition, as we are now a public company, our reporting obligations may place a significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future. We may be unable to timely complete our evaluation testing and any required remediation.

Our independent registered public accounting firm has not conducted an audit of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. However, in connection with the audits of our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified two material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. The material weaknesses that have been identified relate to (i) a material weakness related to our failure to design and implement effective controls with a sufficient level of precision to prevent and detect misstatements related to our certain transactions within the Next-Day Delivery BU and (ii) a material weakness related to lack of sufficient competent financial reporting and accounting personnel with appropriate understanding of U.S. GAAP to design and implement formal period-end financial reporting policies and procedures to address complex U.S. GAAP technical accounting issue; and to prepare and review our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in accordance with U.S. GAAP and financial reporting requirements set forth by the SEC. As defined in the standards established by the PCAOB, a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our company’s annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

To remedy our identified material weaknesses, we have implemented and plan to implement a number of measures to improve our internal control over financial reporting. We have engaged an independent consulting company with strong knowledge and experience in U.S. GAAP accounting and SEC reporting to assist our management in preparing financial reports that meet U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements. Additionally, we also plan to hire qualified accounting and financial personnel as our business develops. We may incur significant costs in the implementation of such measures. However, such measures have not been fully implemented and we concluded that the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting have not been remediated as of December 31, 2022. In addition, we cannot assure you that we will be able to continuously implement these measures to effectively remediate our material weaknesses, or that we will not identify additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in the future. See “Item. 15 Controls and Procedures—Internal Control over Financial Reporting.”

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If we fail to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment, we could suffer material misstatements in our consolidated financial statements and fail to meet our reporting obligations, which would likely cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. This could in turn limit our access to capital markets, harm our results of operations and lead to a decline in the trading price of our ADSs. Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which we list, regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions. We may also be required to restate our consolidated financial statements for prior periods. Furthermore, we have incurred and anticipate that we will continue to incur considerable costs, management time and other resources in an effort to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other requirements.

The filing of this Form 20-F may not make us “current” in our Exchange Act filing obligations, which means we retain certain potential liability and may not be eligible to use certain forms or rely on certain rules of the SEC.

We are filing a comprehensive annual report on Form 20-F since we have been delinquent in meeting our periodic reporting requirements with the SEC, following, by analogy, previously issued guidance from the staff of the SEC’s Division of Corporation Finance, or the Staff, with respect to U.S. domestic issuers. Our filing of this Form 20-F does not necessarily mean that the Staff will conclude that we have complied with all applicable financial statement requirements or complied with all reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, nor does it foreclose any enforcement action by the SEC with respect to our disclosure, filings or failures to file reports under the Exchange Act.

This Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2022 includes our audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022. Without the unamended reports, investors may not be able to review certain financial and other disclosures that would have been contained in those reports, which would have provided an additional source of information for their evaluation of their investment in us. As a result of our failure to maintain current filings with the SEC in the past, our use of this format of the Form 20-F and any potential enforcement action from the SEC or other regulatory agencies, we may not be eligible to use certain short-form registration statements or rely on certain rules of the SEC. This could increase our transaction costs and adversely impact our ability to raise capital in a timely manner.

Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry

We have incurred net losses, negative cash flows from operation activities and net current liabilities in prior years. If we are not able to achieve profitability or raise sufficient capital to cover our capital needs, we may not continue as a going concern.

We incurred significant losses in the past. We incurred a net loss of RMB1,649.2 million, RMB3,849.8 million and RMB1,523.6 million (US$220.9 million) in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. Net cash used in our operating activities was RMB1,611.8 million, RMB2,589.0 million and RMB682.7 million (US$99.0 million) in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. We recorded total current liabilities of RMB2,897.8 million, RMB3,299.3 million and RMB1,681.5 million (US$243.8 million) as of December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively.

Our ability to achieve profitability depends on our ability to improve our market position and profile, increase our operational efficiency and obtain financing, which may be affected by numerous factors beyond our control. There can be no assurance that we will achieve this goal, and we may incur losses, negative cash flows from operating activities and net current liabilities in the future, which may materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations. If we are unable to maintain profitability or raise sufficient capital to cover our capital needs, we may not continue as a going concern. There can be no assurance that we can obtain additional financing. Our ability to obtain additional financing is subject to a number of factors, which may be beyond our control. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—We may need additional capital, and financing may not be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all.”

Our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022 included in this annual report have been prepared based on the assumption that we will continue on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and liquidation of liabilities in the normal course of business. However, our conditions and events raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources.” The consolidated financial statements included in this annual report do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of such uncertainties.

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The perception that we may not be able to continue as a going concern may cause others to choose not to deal with us due to concerns about our ability to meet our contractual obligations. If we seek additional financing to fund our business activities in the future and there remains substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, investors or other financing sources may be unwilling to provide additional funding to us on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Further, if we cannot continue as a going concern, we may be forced to discontinue operations and liquidate our assets and may receive less than the value at which those assets are carried on our audited financial statements, which would cause our shareholders and holders of ADSs to lose all or a part of their investment.

We are exposed to risks associated with the potential debt restructuring.

In August 2023, we entered into two share purchase agreements with two investors. Under one of these share purchase agreements, the investor agrees to subscribe 3,000,000,000 Class B ordinary shares of our company at a purchase price of US$15.0 million, subject to the satisfaction of certain closing conditions, and the transaction is planned to be closed within two business days after the execution of the share purchase agreement. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any payment under this share purchase agreement. Under the other share purchase agreement, the investor agrees to subscribe 2,400,000,000 Class B ordinary shares of our company at a purchase price of US$12.0 million, subject to the satisfaction of certain closing conditions, and the transaction is planned to be closed within 45 business days after the satisfaction or waiver of closing conditions or at such other time agreed in writing by the relevant parties. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any payment under this share purchase agreement. Both investors have agreed to irrevocably and fully delegate the voting rights of all shares issued pursuant to these share purchase agreements to Mr. Zheng Xu, our chairman of the board of directors and chief executive officer. Subsequent to the entry of these share purchase agreements in August 2023, we entered into another share purchase agreement with Mejoy Infinite Limited and its shareholder to purchase all ordinary shares of Mejoy Infinite Limited held by its shareholder at a total consideration of US$12.0 million in cash. Upon the closing of this acquisition, Mejoy Infinite Limited will become one of our wholly owned subsidiaries and we will start to provide customized digital marketing solutions and services by leveraging our extensive market know-how on the online marketing and the ecommerce industry. We will help our clients deliver their online marketing campaigns to engage their target customers and facilitate a higher growth of our clients’ businesses. As of the date of this annual report, this acquisition has not been closed. Furthermore, we are also planning to consummate a debt restructuring, and therefore we are exposed to risks associated with the potential debt restructuring. There is no assurance as to whether or when the potential debt restructuring may be completed. We cannot assure you that the debt restructuring will ultimately be successful.

We adopted significant business strategy adjustments in July 2022 and continued to make business strategy adjustments since then. These business strategy adjustments may not be successful ultimately.

In 2022, we adopted a series of significant adjustments to our business strategy for sustainability, including a shutdown of our on-demand DMW retail business, staff optimization and a shutdown of our Next-Day Delivery BU. These idled businesses accounted for approximately 90% of our total net revenue and total cost of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, and therefore these significant adjustments to our business strategy have resulted in a material and adverse impact on our business, financial performance, reputation and prospect.

Furthermore, in connection with these significant adjustments to our business strategy, we have incurred material losses on assets, substantially all of which incurred in the third quarter of 2022. These material losses on assets have materially and adversely affected our financial performance for the year ended December 31, 2022.

In March 2023, we terminated the intelligent fresh market business and the retail cloud business as part of our further business strategy adjustment, to focus on our private label product retail business, which was newly launched in January 2023. In the future, we plan to focus on providing digital marketing solutions services and the private label product retail business, leveraging our extensive market know-how on the ecommerce industry and the grocery supply chain. To achieve this, our business operations will have to go through considerable changes, such as planning to offer new products and services, adjusting our business process and model, hiring new employees and building up new departments, and collaborating with new business partners. We may experience a loss of continuity, loss of accumulated knowledge or loss of efficiency during the transitional period.

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It is uncertain whether these efforts will eventually bring us benefits as we anticipated. If we fail to achieve some or all of the expected benefits of these significant business strategy adjustments, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Even if these business strategy adjustments work successfully as we planned, the actual costs incurred in this process may be substantially higher than we anticipated. There might also be other issues and negative consequences arising from these business strategy adjustments such as loss of borrower base, internal control issues, changes in employee structure as well as other unexpected consequences, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we are unable to execute our strategies effectively, our business and prospects or investors’ perceptions of our business and prospects may be materially and adversely affected, and the market price of our Class B ordinary shares and/or ADSs may decline.

Our business, results of operations and financial condition depend in part on our ability to effectively implement our strategies. We plan to continue to optimize new businesses, including our private label product retail business which was launched in January 2023. In addition, as we optimize our new business initiatives, we will need to work with new suppliers efficiently and establish and maintain mutually beneficial relationships with our existing and new suppliers. We may have limited or no experience for our new businesses, and our expansion into these new businesses may not achieve broad consumer acceptance. In addition, our new businesses may present new and difficult technological or operational challenges, and we may be subject to claims if our consumers are not satisfied with the quality of the products or services or do not have satisfactory experiences in general. To effectively manage our operations and personnel, we will need to continue to improve our transaction processing, technological, operational and financial systems, policies, procedures and controls. All these endeavors involve risks and will require significant managerial, financial and human resources. We cannot assure you that we will be able to effectively manage our operations and personnel or to implement all these systems, procedures and control measures successfully or that our new businesses will be successful. If we are not able to execute our strategies effectively, our business and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

Our revenues may decline for any number of possible reasons, such as decreased consumer spending, increased competition, slowdown in the growth or contraction of the retail or neighborhood retail industry in China, emergence of alternative business models, changes in government policies or general economic conditions, and natural disasters or virus outbreaks. If our revenues decline, investors’ perceptions of our business and business prospects may be adversely affected and the market price of our Class B ordinary shares and/or ADSs could decline.

We have been subject to legal and regulatory proceedings and may continue to be subject to these proceedings from time to time in the ordinary course of our business.

We are subject to claims, lawsuits, arbitration proceedings, government investigations and other legal and regulatory proceedings in the ordinary course of business, including those involving personal injury, property damage, labor and employment, commercial disputes, consumer complaints, food quality and safety, intellectual property disputes, promotional activities, pricing activities, consumer protection, data and privacy protection, compliance with regulatory requirements and other matters. We may become subject to additional types of claims, lawsuits, government investigations and legal or regulatory proceedings as our business grows and as we deploy new business offerings. We are also regularly subject to claims, lawsuits, arbitration proceedings, government investigations and other legal and regulatory proceedings seeking to hold us liable for the actions of business partners for our new businesses. The results of any such claims, lawsuits, arbitration proceedings, government investigations or other legal or regulatory proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty. Any claims against us, whether meritorious or not, could be time-consuming, result in costly litigation, be harmful to our reputation, require significant management attention and divert significant resources. It is possible that a resolution of one or more such proceedings could result in substantial damages, settlement costs, fines and penalties that could adversely affect our reputation and brand, business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, a determination in, or settlement of, any legal proceeding, whether we are party to such legal proceeding or not, that involves our industry, could also harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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As our digital economy expands, including across jurisdictions and through the addition of new businesses, we may encounter a variety of these claims, including those brought against us pursuant to anti-monopoly or unfair competitions laws or involving higher amounts of alleged damages. Laws, rules and regulations may vary in their scope and overseas laws and regulations may impose requirements that are more stringent than, or which conflict with, those in China. We have acquired and may acquire companies that may become subject to litigation, as well as regulatory proceedings. In addition, in connection with litigation or regulatory proceedings we may be subject to in various jurisdictions, we may be prohibited by laws, regulations or government authorities in one jurisdiction from complying with subpoenas, orders or other requests from courts or regulators of other jurisdictions, including those relating to data held in or with respect to persons in these jurisdictions. Our failure or inability to comply with the subpoenas, orders or requests could subject us to fines, penalties or other legal liability, which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations.

In addition, if we were to be involved in anti-monopoly and competition laws and regulations related scrutiny or action, governmental agencies and regulators may, among other things, prohibit future acquisitions, divestitures, or combinations we plan to make, impose significant fines or penalties, require divestiture of certain of our assets, or impose other restrictions that limit or require us to modify our operations. Due to the uncertainty of legislation and local implementation of anti-monopoly and competition laws and regulations in the PRC, we cannot assure you that we will not be subject to any investigations, claims or complaints of alleged violations of these laws and regulations.

The existence of litigation, claims, investigations and proceedings may harm our reputation, limit our ability to conduct our business in the affected areas and adversely affect the trading price of our ADSs. The outcome of any claims, investigations and proceedings is inherently uncertain, and in any event defending against these claims could be both costly and time-consuming, and could significantly divert the efforts and resources of our management and other personnel. An adverse determination in any litigation, investigation or proceeding could cause us to pay damages, incur legal and other costs, limit our ability to conduct business or require us to change the manner in which we operate.

We and certain of our directors and officers have been named as defendants in a putative shareholder class action lawsuit in the United States. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—We and certain of our directors and officers have been named as defendants in a putative shareholder class action lawsuit, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operation, cash flows and reputation.” and “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.” We may continue to subject to lawsuits from time to time in the future, including but not limited to putative class action lawsuits brought by shareholders. In addition, as of the date of this annual report, our PRC subsidiaries, including but not limited to Beijing Missfresh E-commerce Co., Ltd., Qingdao Missfresh E-commerce Co., Ltd., Changshu Missfresh E-Commerce Co., Ltd., Guangzhou Missfresh E-commerce Co., Ltd., Tianjin Missfresh E-commerce Co., Ltd., Jinan Missfresh E-commerce Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Missfresh E-Commerce Co., Ltd., had been named as defendants in approximately 851 lawsuits in China brought primarily by our previous suppliers for approximately RMB962.7 million in aggregate, and had been in approximately 1,332 labor disputes brought by our former employees for approximately RMB66.6 million in aggregate. These lawsuits and disputes could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operation, cash flows and reputation.

We and certain of our directors and officers have been named as defendants in a putative shareholder class action lawsuit, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operation, cash flows and reputation.

We will have to defend against the putative shareholder class action lawsuits described in “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings,” including any appeals of such lawsuits should our initial defense be unsuccessful. We are currently unable to estimate the possible outcome or loss or possible range of loss, if any, associated with the resolution of these lawsuits. There can be no assurance that we will be able to prevail in our defense or reverse any unfavorable judgment on appeal, and we may decide to settle such lawsuits on unfavorable terms. Any adverse outcome of these cases, including any plaintiff’s appeal of a judgment in these lawsuits, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operation, cash flows and reputation. In addition, there can be no assurance that our insurance carriers will cover all or part of the defense costs, or any liabilities that may arise from these matters. The litigation process may utilize a significant portion of our resources and divert management’s attention from the day-to-day operations of our company, all of which could harm our business. We also may be subject to claims for indemnification related to these matters, and we cannot predict the impact that indemnification claims may have on our business or financial results.

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As we continue to revolutionize the neighborhood retail industry with our recently launched private label products, we may not be able to achieve our expected returns from such new business lines or sustain our historical overall growth rates.

We launched our private label products in January 2023 to revolutionize the neighborhood retail business. In the future, we plan to focus on providing digital marketing solutions services and the private label product retail business, leveraging our extensive market know-how on the ecommerce industry and the grocery supply chain. Our expansion of new businesses may result in unseen risks, challenges and uncertainties. We may incur additional capital expenditure to support the development of our private label products. In addition, due to the limited operating history of the newly launched businesses, there is no guarantee that we may increase our revenues generated from such new businesses. Also, our failure to manage costs and expenses and evaluate consumer demands with respect to such new business could materially and adversely affect the prospects of us achieving overall profitability of and recouping our investments in the new businesses. Moreover, the new businesses may require significant managerial, financial, operational and other resources. We may also face higher regulatory, legal and counterparty risks from entering into contracts with third-party e-commerce platforms. If we fail to manage the development of the new businesses successfully, our prospect, business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

If we are unable to provide superior consumer experience through timely delivery and high-quality grocery, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

The development of our business hinges on our ability to provide a superior consumer experience, which in turn depends on a variety of factors, including our ability to continue to offer high-quality products at competitive prices, maintain the quality of our products, and provide timely and reliable delivery.

In the past, we relied primarily on our own smart supply chain infrastructure to deliver our retail products. After the shutdown of our on-demand DMW retail business in July 2022, we have dismissed our own delivery personnel since then and do not have any delivery personnel as of the date of this annual report. To support the development of our business, we might consider rehiring delivery personnel and rebuilding our own supply chain. Interruptions or failures in our supply chain or delivery services could prevent the timely delivery of our products. These interruptions may be due to unforeseen events that are beyond our control, such as inclement weather, natural disasters, virus outbreaks, transportation disruptions or labor unrest. If our products are not delivered on time or are delivered in a damaged state, consumers may refuse to accept our products and have less confidence in our products. Furthermore, if we decide to rebuild our own supply chain, our own delivery personnel will act on our behalf and, in most instances, will interact with our consumers personally. In the past, we had received consumer complaints from time to time regarding our delivery services. Any failure to provide high-quality retail services to our consumers may negatively impact the experience of our consumers, damage our reputation and cause us to lose consumers.

Any failure in our service efficiency and product and service quality could damage our brand image and substantially harm our business.

We believe that the recognition and reputation of our brand among our consumers, customers and suppliers have contributed significantly to our business. Maintaining and enhancing the recognition and reputation of our brand are critical to our business and competitiveness. Many factors are important to maintaining and enhancing our brand. These factors include our ability to:

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If we are unable to provide our products or services in a timely, reliable, safe and affordable manner, our reputation and business could be negatively affected. If products and items are not delivered on time or are delivered in a damaged condition, our consumers may lose confidence on us. Our reputation and brand may be adversely damaged and we may lose consumers. A public perception that our products or services are low-quality or overpriced products, even if factually incorrect or based on isolated incidents, could damage our reputation, diminish the value of our brand, undermine the trust and credibility we have established and have a negative impact on our ability to attract new consumers or retain our current consumers. If we are unable to maintain our reputation, enhance our brand recognition or increase positive awareness of our business, products and services, it may be difficult to maintain and grow our consumer base, and our business and prospect may be materially and adversely affected.

Any actual or alleged illegal activities by our employees (including our senior management) could subject us to liability or negative publicity. These activities may also affect our employees’ ability or willingness to continue to serve our company or dedicate their full time and efforts to our company and negatively affect our brand and reputation, resulting in an adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

If we are unable to offer products and services that attract new and existing consumers, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Our future development depends on our ability to continue to attract purchases from new consumers and existing consumers. Constantly changing consumer preferences have affected and will continue to affect the retail industry, in particular the neighborhood retail industry. If consumers cannot find their desired products or services offered by us at attractive prices, they may lose interest in us, which in turn may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We face intense competition and we may lose market share and consumers if we fail to compete effectively.

The neighborhood retail industry in China is intensely competitive. We compete for consumers and products. Our current or potential competitors include major traditional retailers in China, other online and offline retailers and e-commerce companies focused on grocery product category, and certain food manufacturers. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Competition.” In addition, new and enhanced technologies may increase the competition in the neighborhood retail industry.

Increased competition may reduce our margins and market share and impact brand recognition, or result in significant losses. When we set prices, we have to consider how competitors have set prices for the same or similar products. When they cut prices or offer additional benefits or rebates to compete with us, we may have to lower our own prices or offer additional benefits or risk losing market share, either of which could harm our financial condition and results of operations.

Some of our current or future competitors may have longer operating histories, greater brand recognition, better supplier relationships, larger consumer bases, higher penetration in certain regions or greater financial, technical or marketing resources than we do. Those smaller companies or new entrants may be acquired by, receive investment from or enter into strategic relationships with well-established and well-financed companies or investors which would help enhance their competitive positions. Some of our competitors may be able to secure more favorable terms from suppliers, devote greater resources to marketing and promotional campaigns, adopt more aggressive pricing or inventory policies and devote substantially more resources to their technologies and systems development than us. We cannot assure you that we will be able to compete successfully against current or future competitors, and competitive pressures may have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Strategic alliances, investments or acquisitions may have a material and adverse effect on our business, reputation, results of operations and financial condition.

Strategic alliances with third parties could subject us to a number of risks, including risks associated with sharing proprietary information, non-performance by the third party, and an increase in expenses incurred in establishing new strategic alliances, any of which may materially and adversely affect our business. We may have little ability to control or monitor their actions. To the extent the third parties suffer negative publicity or harm to their reputations from events relating to their business, we may also suffer negative publicity or harm to our reputation by virtue of our association with such third parties.

We have in the past invested in or acquired additional assets, technologies or businesses that are complementary to our previous businesses, such as Beijing Meiriyitao Share Science Technology Co., Ltd. If we are presented with appropriate opportunities, we may continue to invest in or acquire additional assets, technologies or businesses that are complementary to our existing businesses. Future investments or acquisitions and the subsequent integration of new assets and businesses into our own would require significant attention from our management and could result in a diversion of resources from our existing businesses, which in turn could have an adverse effect on our business operations. The costs of identifying and consummating investments and acquisitions may be significant. We may also incur significant expenses in obtaining necessary approvals from relevant government authorities in China and elsewhere in the world. Acquired assets or businesses may not generate the financial results we expect. In addition, investments and acquisitions could result in the use of substantial amounts of cash, potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities, the occurrence of significant goodwill impairment charges, amortization expenses for other intangible assets and exposure to potential unknown liabilities of the acquired business. The cost and duration of integrating newly acquired businesses could also materially exceed our expectations. Any such negative developments could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our business and prospects.

We commenced operations in 2014, and have a limited operating history. Our historical performance may not be indicative of our future development or financial results. We cannot assure you that we will be able to avoid any decline in the future. Our revenues may continue to decline for a number of possible reasons, some of which are beyond our control, including decreasing consumer spending, increasing competition, declining growth of our overall market or industry, the emergence of alternative business models, changes in rules, regulations, government policies or general economic conditions. It is difficult to evaluate our prospects, as we may not have sufficient experience in addressing the risks to which companies operating in rapidly evolving markets may be exposed. If our revenues decline, investors’ perceptions of our business and prospects may be materially and adversely affected and the market price of the ADSs could decline. You should consider our prospects in light of the risks and uncertainties that companies with a limited operating history may encounter.

Uncertainties relating to the growth and profitability of the neighborhood retail industry in China in general could adversely affect our revenues and business prospects.

Our future results of operations will depend on numerous factors affecting the development of the online neighborhood retail industry in China, which may be beyond our control. These factors include:

Any failure by us to adapt our products and services in response to trends and consumer requirements, or a decline in the popularity of online shopping in general, or may adversely affect our net revenues and business prospects.

In addition, the Chinese government has also recently stepped up the regulation of online platforms, with respect to antitrust, data privacy, content monitoring and other compliance matters. Future governmental regulations could adversely affect our net revenues and business prospects.

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Furthermore, the neighborhood retail industry is very sensitive to macroeconomic changes, and retail purchases tend to decline during recessionary periods. Many factors outside of our control, including inflation and deflation, volatility of stock and property markets, interest rates, tax rates and other government policies and unemployment rates can adversely affect consumer confidence and spending, which could in turn materially and adversely affect our development and profitability. Unfavorable developments in domestic and international politics, including military conflicts, political turmoil and social instability, may also adversely affect consumer confidence and reduce spending, which could in turn materially and adversely affect our development and profitability.

Failure to maintain the quality and safety of our products could adversely impact our reputation, results of operations and financial performance.

We believe that high quality standards differentiate us from our competitors and enable us to expand consumer base. Maintaining and enhancing such consumer confidence is critical to our business and competitiveness, which in turn depends on a number of factors, including but not limited to the design of our quality control system, employee training to ensure that our employees adhere to and implement our quality control policies and procedures and the effectiveness of monitoring any potential violation of our quality control policies and procedures. There can be no assurance that our quality control system will always prove to be effective. For example, in the past certain of our food products provided in our previous businesses failed to meet the compulsory food safety requirements and standards and we were required to stop selling those substandard or defective food products and take rectifying or remedial measures.

In addition, the quality of the products or services provided by our suppliers or service providers is subject to factors beyond our control, including the effectiveness and the efficiency of their quality control system, among others. There can be no assurance that our suppliers or service providers may always be able to adopt appropriate quality control systems and meet our stringent quality control requirements in respect of the products or services they provide. Any failure of our suppliers or service providers to provide satisfactory products or services could harm our reputation and adversely impact our operations.

The PRC Regulation for the Implementation of the Food Safety Law, or the Regulation of Food Safety Law was amended on December 1, 2019. The Regulation of Food Safety Law outlines detailed rules for monitoring and assessment of food safety risk, food safety standards, food production and food business, food inspection, food import and export and other matters. Pursuant to the Regulation of Food Safety Law, certain violations of the food safety law may result in severe administrative and criminal penalties imposed on us, as well as its legal representatives, senior management in charge, directly accountable person-in-charge and other directly accountable employees. Penalties imposed on our company could negatively affect our business operations and have a material adverse impact on our reputation.

Concerns regarding the quality or safety of our food products or the food supply chain, even if factually incorrect or based on isolated incidents, could cause consumers to avoid purchasing certain products from us, or to seek alternative food sources. Any report linking our brand to food contamination, food tampering, mislabeling, or other food safety issues could adversely impact sales and our business and prospect may be materially and adversely affected.

Our business may continue to be materially and adversely affected by the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China.

Beginning in 2020, outbreaks of COVID-19 resulted in the temporary closure of many corporate offices, retail stores, and manufacturing facilities across China. Normal economic life throughout China was sharply curtailed. Many consumers adopted online grocery shopping as a result of COVID-19 lockdown policies in mainland China. The increased demand during the pandemic, coupled with travel and transportation restrictions in mainland China, put a strain on our supply chain and delivery services at that time. As a result, our operations were impacted by delays in business activities, commercial transactions and general uncertainties surrounding the government’s business and travel restrictions. Travel restrictions also resulted in the short-term shortage of migrant workers in large cities, which had temporarily adversely affected our delivery capacity. Our acquisition of new consumers through ground promotion was also impacted due to governmental restrictions on social gathering. Moreover, we took a series of measures in response to the pandemic to protect our employees, including, among others, temporary closure of our offices and warehouses, remote working arrangements for our employees and travel restrictions or suspension. These measures reduced the capacity and efficiency of our operations.

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China began to modify its zero-COVID policy at the end of 2022, and most of the travel restrictions and quarantine requirements were lifted in December 2022. There were surges of cases in many cities during this time which caused disruption to our and our suppliers’ operations, and there remains uncertainty as to the future impact of the virus, especially in light of this change in policy. The extent to which the pandemic impacts our results of operations going forward will depend on future developments which are highly uncertain and unpredictable, including the frequency, duration and extent of outbreaks of COVID-19, the appearance of new variants with different characteristics, the effectiveness of efforts to contain or treat cases, and future actions that may be taken in response to these developments. China may experience lower domestic consumption, higher unemployment, severe disruptions to exporting of goods to other countries and greater economic uncertainty, which may impact our business in a materially negative way. Consequently, the COVID-19 pandemic may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations in in the current and future years. To the extent COVID-19 adversely affects our business, financial condition and results of operations, it may also heighten some of the other risks described in this “Risk Factors” section.

If our expansion into new geographical areas is not successful, our business and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

Our expansion into new geographical areas involves new risks and challenges associated with such new markets, such as our business model may not be acceptable to residents in lower-tier cities in China, and we may need to adjust our operating methodologies to adapt to local economic condition. It may also present operating, marketing and compliance challenges that differ from those that we currently encounter. We cannot assure that we will be able to execute on our business strategy or that our service offerings will be successful in such markets.

In addition, our lack of understanding of consumers or familiarity with suppliers, consumers, merchants and market dynamic of these areas may make it more difficult for us to keep pace with local demands and preferences. Further, there may be one or more existing market leaders in any geographical area where we operate or decide to expand. Such companies may be able to compete more effectively than us by leveraging their experience in doing business in that market as well as their deeper data insight and greater brand recognition locally. Any failure in our expansion into new geographical areas could materially and adversely affect our business and prospects.

In the PRC, if a company operates business outside its registered address, the company may be required to register those premises for business operation as branch offices with the relevant local authorities at the place where the premises are located and obtain business licenses for them as branch offices. As of the date of this annual report, our business in certain local markets is being carried out without completing such registration with the local regulators. We may not be able to register the main premises for business operations as branch offices in a timely manner or at all due to complex procedural requirements and relocation of branch offices from time to time. If we become subject to penalties or other administrative proceedings for failure to complete such required registrations, our reputation, business, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We do not have effective control over the suppliers and the business partners for our business, and we may be subject to significant costs and reputational harm in the event these suppliers and business partners violate any laws or regulations applicable to our operations.

We do not have effective control over and oversight of suppliers and business partners for our business. Consumers may associate suppliers or business partners with us and hold us accountable for any misconduct by the suppliers or the business partners. We may be subject to lawsuits or reputational harm if, for example, a supplier or business partner conducts any wrongdoings or otherwise violates applicable laws. While we have implemented policies and procedures designed to govern conducts of our suppliers and business partners to comply with the regulatory regime in China and protect our goodwill, there can be no assurance that suppliers or business partners will comply with the policies and procedures. Violations by suppliers or business partners of applicable law or of the policies and procedures could reflect negatively on our products and operations and harm our business reputation. While we have not experienced any significant problems affecting our products, operations or business reputation caused by violations by suppliers or business partners of the policies and procedures, we cannot assure you that we will not face such problems in the future.

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Any change, disruption or discontinuity in the features and functions of major social networks in China could severely limit our ability to effectively conduct marketing activities, and our business may be materially and adversely affected.

We have incurred significant expenses on a variety of different marketing and brand promotion efforts designed to enhance our brand recognition and increase sales of products and provision of services. Our brand promotion and marketing activities may not be well received by consumers and may not result in the levels of sales of product that we anticipate. Our sales and marketing expenses was RMB589.2 million, RMB903.3 million and RMB138.9 million (US$20.1 million) in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. Marketing approaches and tools in the neighborhood retail industry in China are evolving. This further requires us to enhance our marketing approaches and experiment with new marketing methods to keep pace with industry developments and consumer preferences. Failure to refine our existing marketing approaches or to introduce new marketing approaches in a cost-effective manner could reduce our market share, cause our net revenues to decline and negatively impact our profitability.

If we fail to manage our inventory effectively, our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity may be materially and adversely affected.

Our business requires us to manage inventory effectively. We depend on our forecasts of demand for and popularity of various products to make purchase decisions and to manage our inventory. Demand for products, however, can change significantly between the time inventory or components are ordered and the date of sale. Demand may be affected by seasonality, new product launches, rapid changes in product cycles and pricing, product defects, changes in consumer spending patterns, changes in consumer tastes with respect to our products and other factors, and our consumers may not order products in the quantities that we expect. It may be difficult to accurately forecast demand, and determine appropriate product or component.

In addition, we source our products from a variety of local, regional, national and international suppliers, and we rely on them to meet our quality standards and supply products in a timely and efficient manner. There is, however, no assurance that high-quality and safe food products will be available to meet our needs. Competition has increased for high-quality and safe food products. As other competitors significantly increase comparable product offerings, if new laws require the reformulation of certain products to meet tougher standards, or if natural disasters or other catastrophic events occur, the supply of these products may be constrained.

If we fail to manage our inventory effectively or negotiate favorable credit terms with suppliers, we may be subject to a heightened risk of inventory obsolescence, a decline in inventory values, and significant inventory write-downs or write-offs. In addition, if we are required to lower sale prices in order to reduce inventory level or to pay higher prices to our suppliers in order to secure the right to return products to our suppliers, our profit margins might be negatively affected. Any of the above may materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We may not be able to recoup the investments we make to expand and upgrade our automation and intellengtization and other technology capabilities.

We invested significant sums in expanding and upgrading our technology platform, our proprietary Retail AI Network. We are likely to recognize the costs associated with these investments earlier than some of the anticipated benefits, and the return on these investments may be lower, or may develop more slowly, than we expect. We may not be able to recover our capital expenditures or investments, in part or in full, or the recovery of these capital expenditures or investments may take longer than expected. As a result, the carrying value of the related assets may be subject to an impairment charge, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operation.

Our results of operations are subject to seasonal fluctuations.

We experience seasonality in our business, reflecting seasonality patterns associated with neighborhood retail in particular. Overall, the historical seasonality of our business has been relatively mild. However, our financial condition and results of operations for future periods may continue to fluctuate. As a result, the trading price of our shares may fluctuate from time to time due to seasonality.

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Our prospect depends on the continuing and collaborative efforts of our management team, and our business may be severely disrupted if we lose their services.

Our prospect heavily depends upon the continued services of our management. In particular, we rely on the expertise and experience of Mr. Zheng Xu, our founder, chairman and chief executive officer, and other executive officers. If one or more of our senior management were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we might not be able to replace them easily or at all, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. If any of our senior management joins a competitor or forms a competing business, we may lose consumers, suppliers, business partners, know-how and key professionals and staff members. Our senior management has entered into employment agreements and confidentiality and non-competition agreements with us. However, if any dispute arises between our officers and us, we may have to incur substantial costs and expenses in order to enforce such agreements in China or we may be unable to enforce them at all. In addition, we do not have key-man insurance for any of our executive officers or other key personnel. Events or activities attributed to our executive officers or other key personnel, and related publicity, whether or not justified, may affect their ability or willingness to continue to serve our company or dedicate their full time and efforts to our company and negatively affect our brand and reputation, resulting in an adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, our senior management team has limited experience in running public companies, which will require us to expend additional resources in hiring additional support staff and incur additional costs and expenses.

If we are unable to recruit, train and retain qualified personnel or sufficient workforce while controlling our labor costs, our business may be materially and adversely affected

Our prospect depends, to a significant extent, on our ability to recruit, train and retain qualified personnel, particularly technical, research and development, marketing and other personnel with experience in the neighborhood retail industry. Our experienced mid-level managers are instrumental in implementing our business strategies, executing our business plans and supporting our business operations. The effective operation of our managerial and operating systems and other operational functions also depends on the hard work and quality performance of our management and employees. Since our industry is characterized by high demand and intense competition for talent and labor, we can provide no assurance that we will be able to attract or retain qualified staff or other highly skilled employees that we will need to achieve our strategic objectives. Labor costs in China have increased with China’s economic development, particularly in the large cities. Rising inflation in China, which has had a disproportionate impact on everyday essentials such as food, is also putting pressure on wages. In addition, as we are still a young company, our ability to train and integrate new employees into our operations may also be limited and may not meet the demand for our business development on a timely fashion, or at all. If we are unable to attract, train and retain qualified personnel, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

We face risks associated with the misconduct or illegal activities of our employees, suppliers, business partners, and their employees, and other related personnel.

We rely on our employees to maintain and operate our business and have implemented a series of code of conduct to guide the activities of our employees. However, we do not have control over the actions of our employees, and any misbehavior of our employees could materially and adversely affect our reputation and business. For example, certain of our ex-employees had been found to have engaged in misconduct involving embezzlements and other fraudulent activities in their roles as operation-level personnel in the past. In addition, certain of our ex-employees in the Next-Day Delivery BU had been found to carry out certain transactions in 2021 that exhibited characteristics of questionable transactions, such as undisclosed relationships between suppliers and customers, different customers or suppliers sharing the same contact information, and/or lack of supporting logistics information. As a result, certain revenue associated with these reporting periods in 2021 may have been inaccurately recorded in our financial statements.

Although we have made adjustments to correct the transactions inaccurately recorded in our financial statements and further enhanced our internal compliance programs afterwards, we cannot guarantee that our policies and procedures will be effective in preventing similar fraudulent or illegal activities from occurring in the future. In the event we are subject to misconduct for inappropriate or illegal purposes by any of our employees, suppliers, business partners and their employees, claims may be brought against us and we may incur material financial losses or reputational harms. In response to allegations of illegal or inappropriate or illegal activities conducted by our employees, business partners and their employees, relevant governmental authorities may intervene and hold us liable for non-compliance with applicable laws and regulations and subject us to administrative penalties or other sanctions. In addition, our consumers may suffer or allege to have suffered physical, financial or emotional harm caused by such misconducts or illegal activities, and our business and public perception of our brand may be materially and adversely affected as a result.

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Any deficiencies in China’s internet infrastructure or our third-party technology service providers could impair our business operations, which could cause us to lose users and harm our operating results.

Our business depends on the performance and reliability of the internet infrastructure in China and our third-party technology service providers. If we are unable to enter into and renew agreements with these providers on acceptable terms, or if any of our existing agreements with such providers are terminated as a result of our breach or otherwise, our ability to provide our services to our business partners and users could be adversely affected. Almost all access to the internet in China is maintained through state-owned telecommunication carriers under administrative control, and we obtain access to end-user networks operated by such telecommunications carriers and internet service providers to users access to our products or services. We have experienced service interruptions in the past, which were typically caused by service interruptions at the underlying external telecommunications service providers, such as the internet data centers and broadband carriers from which we receive services. Service interruptions prevent users from accessing our products or services, and frequent interruptions could frustrate users and discourage them from attempting to select our products or services, which could cause us to lose users and harm our operating results.

Our business is subject to complex and evolving Chinese and international laws and regulations regarding data privacy and cybersecurity. Failure to protect confidential information of our consumers and previous users of our mobile application and network against security breaches could damage our reputation and brand and substantially harm our business and results of operations.

A significant challenge to the neighborhood retail industry is the secure storage of confidential information and its secure transmission over public networks. In addition, with the rapid development of our AI, big data and cloud technologies and services, we have accumulated a large volume of data through the use of our previous mobile application by our previous users, which covers consumer’s browsing and consumption behavior information, product manufacturing and sales information, warehousing and distribution information, customer service information, among others. We also formed strategic partnerships with some leading mobile internet companies to leverage their powerful big data resources, massive user bases and AI-driven technologies.

We adopted security policies and measures, including encryption technology, to protect our proprietary data and user information. However, advances in technology, the expertise of hackers, improper use or sharing of data, new discoveries in the field of cryptography or other events or developments could result in a compromise or breach of the technology that we use to protect confidential information. We may not be able to prevent third parties, especially hackers or other individuals or entities engaging in similar activities, from illegally obtaining such confidential or private information we hold. Such individuals or entities obtaining our users’ confidential or private information may further engage in various other illegal activities using such information. In addition, we have limited control or influence over the security policies or measures adopted by business partners including strategic partners or third-party providers of online payment services through which some of our consumers and previous users of our mobile application may choose to make payment for purchases. Any negative publicity on our privacy protection mechanisms and policies, and any claims asserted against us or fines imposed upon us as a result of actual or perceived failures, could have a material and adverse effect on our public image, reputation, financial condition and results of operations. If we give third parties greater access to our technology platform in the future as part of providing more technology services to third parties and others, it may become more challenging for us to ensure the security of our systems. Any compromise of our information security or the information security measures of our previous contracted third-party couriers or third-party online payment service providers or other business partners could have a material and adverse effect on our reputation, business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations. Practices regarding the collection, use, storage, transmission and security of personal information by companies operating over the internet and mobile platforms are under increased public scrutiny.

As the regulations regarding data privacy and cybersecurity are quickly evolving in China and globally, we may become subject to new laws and regulations applying to the solicitation, collection, processing or use of personal or consumer information that could affect how we store, process and share data with our user, suppliers and third-party service subscribers.

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For example, in December 2012, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the Decision on Strengthening Network Information Protection, or the Network Information Protection Decision, to enhance the legal protection of information security and privacy on the internet. The Network Information Protection Decision also requires internet operators to take measures to ensure confidentiality of information of users. In July 2013, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or the MIIT, promulgated the Provisions on Protection of Personal Information of Telecommunication and Internet Users to regulate the collection and use of users’ personal information in the provision of telecommunication service and internet information service in China. In August 2015, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the Ninth Amendment to the Criminal Law, which became effective in November 2015 and amended the standards of crime of infringing citizens’ personal information and reinforced the criminal culpability of unlawful collection, transaction, and provision of personal information. It further provides that any internet content provider that fails to fulfill the obligations related to internet information security administration as required by applicable laws and refuses to rectify upon orders will be subject to criminal liability. In November 2016, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the Cyber Security Law, which requires, among others, that network operators take security measures to protect the network from unauthorized interference, damage and unauthorized access and prevent data from being divulged, stolen or tampered with. Network operators are also required to collect and use personal information in compliance with the principles of legitimacy, properness and necessity, and strictly within the scope of authorization by the subject of personal information unless otherwise prescribed by laws or regulations. Significant capital, managerial and human resources are required to comply with legal requirements, enhance information security and to address any issues caused by security failures. The Civil Code promulgated in 2020 also provides specific provisions regarding the protection of personal information.

On June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the Data Security Law, which took effect in September 2021. The Data Security Law, among others, provides for data security and privacy obligations on entities and individuals carrying out data processing activities, introduces a data classification and hierarchical protection system based on the importance of data in economic and social development, as well as the degree of harm it will cause to nation security, public interests, or legitimate rights and interests of individuals or organizations when such data is tampered with, destroyed, leaked, or illegally acquired or used, provides for a national security review procedure for those data activities which may affect national security and imposes export restrictions on certain data and information. Furthermore, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly promulgated the Opinions on Strictly Scrutinizing Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law, which were available to the public on July 6, 2021 and further emphasized to strengthen the cross-board regulatory collaboration, to improve relevant laws and regulations on data security, cross-border data transmission, and confidential information management, and provided that efforts will be made to revise the regulations on strengthening the confidentiality and file management relating to the offering and listing of securities overseas, to implement the responsibility on information security of overseas listed companies, and to strengthen the standardized management of cross-border information provision mechanisms and procedures. However, these opinions were newly issued, and there were no further explanations with respect to such opinions, and there are still uncertainties regarding the interpretation and implementation of these opinions. On July 30, 2021, the state council promulgated the Regulations on Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure, which became effective on September 1, 2021. Pursuant to the Regulations on Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure, critical information infrastructure shall mean any important network facilities or information systems of the important industry or field such as public communication and information service, energy, transportation, water conservation, finance, public services, e-government affairs and national defense science, which may endanger national security, people’s livelihood and public interest in case of damage, function loss or data leakage. As of the date of this annual report, no detailed rules or implementation has been issued by any authority and we have not been informed as a critical information infrastructure operator by any government authorities. Furthermore, the exact scope of “critical information infrastructure operators” under the current regulatory regime remains unclear, and the PRC government authorities may have wide discretion in the interpretation and enforcement of these laws. Therefore, it is uncertain whether we would be deemed as a critical information infrastructure operator under PRC law. If we are deemed as a critical information infrastructure operator under the PRC cybersecurity laws and regulations, we must fulfill certain obligations as required under the PRC cybersecurity laws and regulations, including, among others, storing personal information and important data collected and produced within the PRC territory during our operations in China, which we have fulfilled in our business, and we may be subject to review when purchasing internet products and services.

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On November 14, 2021, the CAC released the Regulations on the Network Data Security (Draft for Comments), or the Draft Regulations, for public comments. The Draft Regulations provide that data processors refer to individuals or organizations that autonomously determine the purpose and the manner of processing data. In accordance with the Draft Regulations, data processors shall apply for a cybersecurity review for the following activities: (i) merger, reorganization or division of Internet platform operators that have acquired a large number of data resources related to national security, economic development or public interests to the extent that affects or may affect national security; (ii) listing abroad of data processors which process over one million users’ personal information; (iii) the listing of data processors in Hong Kong which affects or may affect national security; or (iv) other data processing activities that affect or may affect national security. However, there have been no clarifications from the authorities as of the date of this annual report as to the standards for determining such activities that “affects or may affect national security.” See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulation Related to Internet Security and Privacy Protection.” The anticipated adoption or effective date of the Draft Regulations may be subject to change with substantial uncertainty. The Draft Regulations remains unclear on whether the relevant requirements will be applicable to companies that have been listed in the United States, such as us. We cannot predict the impact of the Draft Regulations, if any, at this stage, and we will closely monitor and assess any development in the rule-making process. If the enacted versions of the Draft Regulations mandate clearance of cybersecurity review and other specific actions to be completed by China-based companies listed on a U.S. stock exchange, such as us, we face uncertainties as to whether such clearance can be timely obtained, or at all. As of the date of this annual report, we have not been involved in any formal investigations on cybersecurity review made by the CAC on such basis. However, if we are not able to comply with the cybersecurity and network data security requirements in a timely manner, or at all, we may be subject to government enforcement actions and investigations, fines, penalties, suspension of our non-compliant operations, among other sanctions, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. In addition to the cybersecurity review, the Draft Regulations requires that data processors processing “important data” or listed overseas shall conduct an annual data security assessment by itself or commission a data security service provider to do so, and submit the assessment report of the preceding year to the municipal cybersecurity department by the end of January each year. If a final version of the Draft Regulations is adopted, we may be subject to review when conducting data processing activities and annual data security assessment and may face challenges in addressing its requirements and make necessary changes to our internal policies and practices in data processing.

On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law, which integrates the scattered rules with respect to personal information rights and privacy protection and took effect on November 1, 2021. The Personal Information Protection Law provides rules for processing sensitive personal information. Sensitive personal information refers to personal information that, once leaked or illegally used, could easily lead to the infringement of human dignity or harm to the personal or property safety of an individual, including biometric recognition, religious belief, specific identity, medical and health, financial account, personal whereabouts and other information of an individual, as well as any personal information of a minor under the age of 14. Only where there is a specific purpose and sufficient necessity, and under circumstances where strict protection measures are taken, may personal information processors process sensitive personal information. A personal information processor shall inform the individual of the necessity of processing such sensitive personal information and the impact thereof on the individual’s rights and interests. Our mobile apps and websites only collected basic user personal information that is necessary to provide the corresponding services. We did not collect any sensitive personal information or other excessive personal information that is not related to the corresponding services. We updated our privacy policies from time to time to meet the applicable regulatory requirements of the CAC and other authorities and adopt technical measures to protect data and ensure cybersecurity in a systematic way. Nonetheless, the Personal Information Protection Law raises the protection requirements for processing personal information, and many specific requirements of the Personal Information Protection Law remain to be clarified by the CAC, other regulatory authorities, and courts in practice. As uncertainties remain regarding the interpretation and regulatory authorities, we may be required to make further adjustments to our business practices to comply with the personal information protection laws and regulations. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulation Related to Internet Security and Privacy Protection.”

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On December 28, 2021, the CAC, the NDRC, the MIIT, and several other administrations jointly promulgated the Cybersecurity Review Measures, or the Review Measures, which became effective on February 15, 2022. The Review Measures has replaced its previous version promulgated on April 13, 2020. According to the Review Measures, (i) when the purchase of network products and services by a critical information infrastructures operator or the data processing activities conducted by a network platform operator affect or may affect national security, a cybersecurity review shall be conducted pursuant to the Review Measures. The aforesaid operators shall file for a cybersecurity review with Cybersecurity Review Office under the CAC if their behavior affects or may affect national security; (ii) an application for cybersecurity review shall be made by an issuer who is a network platform operator holding personal information of more than one million users before such issuer applies to list securities on a foreign stock exchange; and (iii) the relevant PRC governmental authorities may initiate cybersecurity review if such governmental authorities determine that the issuer’s network products or services, or data processing activities affect or may affect national security. On the bases that (i) the Review Measures was promulgated recently, (ii) the exact scope of “network platform operator” under the Review Measures remains unclear, and (iii) there are substantial uncertainties on the interpretation and application of the Review Measures, there can be no assurance that we would be required to apply for such cybersecurity review for our offshore offerings. Although the Review Measures and other relevant regulations do not explicitly require the completion of cybersecurity review for follow-on offering or other equivalent offering activities, there is chance that the CAC or other competent PRC governmental authorities may initiate such cybersecurity review. We recently entered into a Standby Equity Purchase Agreement with YA II PN, LTD., to sell up to US$300 million of our Class B ordinary shares, in our sole discretion and at our request based on our funding requirement at any time during the 36 months following the date of the Standby Equity Purchase Agreement, following the effectiveness of a registration statement with the SEC registering the Class B ordinary shares issuable pursuant to the Standby Equity Purchase Agreement and other customary closing conditions. Such issuance of shares in accordance with the Standby Equity Purchase Agreement may be subject to cybersecurity review in accordance with the Review Measures. Any failure in completion of a cybersecurity review may result in administrative penalties, including fines, a shut-down of our business, revocation of requisite licenses, as well as reputational damage or legal proceedings or actions against us, which may have material adverse effects on our business, financial condition and results of operations. As of the date of this annual report, we have not been involved in any formal investigations on cybersecurity review made by the CAC on such basis.

The Cyber Security Law, the Cybersecurity Review Measures, the Data Security Law and the Civil Code are relatively new and subject to interpretation by the regulators. Although we only gain access to user information that is necessary for, and relevant to, the services provided, the data we obtain and use may include information that is deemed as “personal information”, “network data” or “important data” under the Cyber Security Law, the Civil Code and related data privacy and protection laws and regulations. As such, we have adopted a series of measures to ensure that we comply with relevant laws and regulations in the collection, use, disclosure, sharing, storage, and security of user information and other data. The Data Security Law also stipulates that the relevant authorities will formulate the catalogues for important data and strengthen the protection of important data, and state core data, i.e., data having a bearing on national security, the lifelines of national economy, people’s key livelihood and major public interests, shall be subject to stricter management system. See “Regulations.” The exact scopes of important data and state core data remain unclear and may be subject to further interpretation. If any data that we are in possession of constitutes important data or state core data, we may be required to adopt stricter measures for protection and management of such data.

On July 7, 2022, the CAC released the Measures on Security Assessment of Cross-border Data Transfer, which took effect from September 1, 2022. Such measures requires that any data processor which exports personal information exceeding certain volume threshold under such measures shall apply for security assessment by the CAC before transferring any personal information abroad. The security assessment requirement also applies to any transfer of important data outside of China. As the measures are newly issued and uncertainties remain regarding to what extent we would be subject to such measures, we cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with such regulations in all respects, and we may be ordered to rectify or terminate any actions that are deemed illegal by regulatory authorities.

In addition, we may need to comply with increasingly complex and rigorous regulatory standards enacted to protect business and personal data in the U.S., Europe and elsewhere. For example, the European Union adopted the General Data Protection Regulation, or the GDPR, which became effective on May 25, 2018. The GDPR imposes additional obligations on companies regarding the handling of personal data and provides certain individual privacy rights to persons whose data is stored. Compliance with existing, proposed and recently enacted laws (including implementation of the privacy and process enhancements called for under GDPR) and regulations can be costly; any failure to comply with these regulatory standards could subject us to legal and reputational risks.

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We generally comply with industry standards and are subject to the terms of our own privacy policies. Compliance with any additional laws could be expensive, and may place restrictions on the conduct of our business and the manner in which we interact with our users. Any failure to comply with applicable regulations could also result in regulatory enforcement actions against us, and misuse of or failure to secure personal information could also result in violation of data privacy laws and regulations, proceedings against us by governmental authorities or other authorities, damage to our reputation and credibility and could have a negative impact on revenues and profits.

Significant capital and other resources may be required to protect against information security breaches or to alleviate problems caused by such breaches or to comply with our privacy policies or privacy-related legal obligations. The resources required may increase over time as the methods used by hackers and others engaged in online criminal activities are increasingly sophisticated and constantly evolving. Any failure or perceived failure by us to prevent information security breaches or to comply with privacy policies or privacy-related legal obligations, or any compromise of security that results in the unauthorized release or transfer of personally identifiable information or other user data, could cause our users to lose trust in us and could expose us to legal claims.

Our use of some leased properties could be challenged by third parties or government authorities due to title defects and non-compliance issues, which may cause interruptions to our business operations.

As of December 31, 2022, we had 17 leased properties in China. Currently, our leased properties in China primarily serve as our offices and DMWs that we previously operated, and we expect to terminate those leases for DMWs in the foreseeable future. We may need to relocate for a number of reasons. For example, we may not be able to successfully renew leases upon expiration of the current term, and may decide to move to more premium locations or have to relocate our operations as required by relevant PRC laws and regulations. The lessors of a small number of our leased properties have not provided us with proper ownership certificates for the properties we lease or prove their rights to sublease the properties to us or do not hold legal certificates to legally lease properties to us. If our lessors are not the owners of the properties and they have not obtained consents from the owners or their lessors or permits from the relevant government authorities to lease such properties to us for our commercial uses, our leases could be challenged by third parties or invalidated by applicable governmental authorities. We may have to renegotiate the leases with the owners or the parties who have the right to lease the properties, and the terms of the new leases may be less favorable to us. In addition, our leasehold interests in most of our leased properties have not been registered with relevant PRC government authorities as required by PRC law, which may expose us to potential maximum penalty of RMB10,000 per unit leasehold.

In addition, PRC laws and rules provide various requirements with respect to fire safety in China. According to the Fire Safety Law and other relevant detailed fire prevention regulations, premises of warehouses are required to either obtain a fire safety assessment permit or complete a fire safety filing. However, detailed measures and requirements vary materially among different regions and are still evolving in certain cities where we still have current leases associated with our historical on-demand DMW retail business (such as Beijing and Tianjin), where applicable laws and regulations exempt a “construction project” with a construction area of less than 300 square meters (or other criteria as otherwise determined by the local governmental authorities) from the fire protection design and fire safety filing requirements. Further, a “special construction project” as stipulated in the relevant laws and regulations is subject to (i) fire protection design review before such project commences construction and (ii) fire protection inspection before such project commences operations. In contrast, other construction projects other than a “special construction project” are subject to fire protection inspection filing and routine fire protection inspection and audits from time to time.

In 2022, we adopted a series of significant adjustments to our business strategy for sustainability, including the shutdown of our on-demand DMW retail business, staff optimization, and the shutdown of our Next-Day Delivery BU. As of the date of this annual report, it is still uncertain if and when we will restart the on-demand DMW retail business, and some leases associated with the historical on-demand DMW retail business have not been terminated. Although our quality control centers and DMWs generally do not constitute “special construction projects” as defined under such laws and regulations, some of our DMWs’ building spaces have been redesigned, reconstructed or decorated by us to fit our needs to store fresh products, and some of such redesigned, reconstructed or decorated DMWs have a construction area that is more than 300 square meters. For all of such redesigned, reconstructed or decorated DMWs having a construction area more than 300 square meters, we have not yet completed the required fire safety filings with the relevant governmental authorities. Additionally, in March 2023, we adopted further business strategy adjustments and we terminated our intelligent fresh market business and our retail cloud business. We have terminated all such leases associated with our historical intelligent fresh market businesses and we are currently in the process of terminating certain leases associated with our historical on-demand DMW business. While we have not received any government order or penalty resulting from such non-compliance, we cannot assure you that we will not be subject to penalties, fines, orders to rectify or other administrative proceedings prior to the termination of such leases.

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We have been, and from time to time in the future may be, subject to legal proceedings and claims relating to our leasehold interests in or use of such properties, or involved in disputes with the property owners or third parties who otherwise have rights to or interests in our leased properties. We cannot assure you that our use of such leased properties will not be successfully challenged. In the event that our use of properties is successfully challenged, we may be subject to fines and forced to relocate the affected operations. In addition, we can provide no assurance that we will be able to find suitable replacement sites on terms acceptable to us on a timely basis, or at all, or that we will not be subject to material liability resulting from third parties’ challenges on our use of such properties. As a result, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Failure to renew our current leases or locate desirable alternatives for our facilities could materially and adversely affect our business.

Currently, our leased properties in China primarily serve as our offices and DMWs that we previously operated. Except for those leases for DMWs that we expect to terminate in the foreseeable future, we may not be able to successfully extend or renew our leases upon expiration of the current term on commercially reasonable terms or at all, and may therefore be forced to relocate our affected operations. This could disrupt our operations and result in significant relocation expenses, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we compete with other businesses for premises at certain locations or of desirable sizes. As a result, even though we could extend or renew our leases, rental payments may significantly increase as a result of the high demand for the leased properties. In addition, we may not be able to locate desirable alternative sites for our current leased properties and failure in relocating our affected operations could adversely affect our business and operations.

Any lack of requisite approvals, licenses or permits applicable to our business or any failure to comply with applicable laws or regulations may have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is subject to governmental supervision and regulation by the relevant PRC governmental authorities, including the State Administration for Market Regulation (formerly known as the State Administration for Industry and Commerce), or the SAMR, the National Development and Reform Commission, or the NDRC, the Ministry of Commerce, or MOFCOM, the MIIT, the CAC and the People’s Bank of China, among others. Together, these government authorities promulgate and enforce regulations that cover many aspects of the operation of food product retail, including entry requirements, the scope of permissible business activities, pricing, consumer protection, food safety, product quality, licenses and permits for various business activities, and foreign investment.

Certain of our subsidiaries or local branches in China were established without obtaining the prior approval from the relevant government authorities that supervise the relevant industries, and some obtain the relevant permits from the government authority at a level lower than as required. We have not received any notice of warning or been subject to penalties or other disciplinary action from the relevant governmental authorities with respect to these defects. However, we cannot assure you that the relevant governmental authorities would not require us to obtain additional approvals or permits from proper level of government authorities to cure any historical defects. If the relevant government authorities require us to cure such defects, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain the approvals, or the permits from proper level of government authorities, in a timely manner or at all.

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As online retail is evolving rapidly in China, new laws and regulations may be adopted from time to time to require us to obtain additional permissions and approvals or to comply with new regulatory requirements. The PRC government authorities may continue to promulgate new laws, regulations and rules governing the e-commerce retail industry, tighten enforcement of existing laws, rules and regulations, and impose additional requirements and other obligations on our business. For example:

Due to the uncertainties associated with the evolving legislative activities and varied local implementation practices of consumer protection laws and regulations in the PRC, compliance with these laws, regulations, rules, guidelines and implementations may be costly, and any incompliance or associated inquiries, investigations and other governmental actions may divert significant management time and attention and our financial resources, bring negative publicity, subject us to liabilities or administrative penalties, and may materially and adversely affect our financial conditions, operations and business prospects.

In conclusion, if we are unable to maintain and renew one or more of our licenses and certificates when their current term expires, or obtain such renewals on commercially reasonable terms, our operations could be disrupted. If the PRC government requires additional licenses or permits or provides more strict supervision requirements in the future in order for us to conduct our businesses, there is no guarantee that we would be able to obtain such licenses or permits or meet all the supervision requirements in a timely manner, or at all. In addition, if we enter into new service categories and businesses, or any of our current businesses or services are determined to be subject to new licensing requirements in the future, especially due to the evolving application or interpretation of relevant laws and regulations, we may be required to obtain licenses or permits that we do not currently have or to upgrade the licenses or permits we currently have. We will strive to obtain and upgrade the relevant licenses and permits, but we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain or upgrade such licenses and permits in a timely manner, or at all. Under applicable PRC laws, rules and regulations, the failure to obtain and/or maintain the licenses and permits required to conduct our business may subject us to various penalties, including confiscation of revenues, imposition of fines and/or restrictions on their business operations, or the discontinuation of their operations. Any such disruption in our business operations could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We may be subject to product liability claims.

The products sold by us may be defective. As a result, sales of such products could expose us to product liability claims relating to personal injury or property damage and may require product recalls or other actions. Third parties subject to such injury or damage may bring claims or legal proceedings against us as the retailer of the product. Although we would have legal recourse against the manufacturer and suppliers of such products and raw materials of such products under PRC law, attempting to enforce our rights against the manufacturer may be expensive, time-consuming and ultimately futile. In addition, we do not currently maintain any third-party liability insurance or product liability insurance in relation to products we provided. As a result, any material product liability claim or litigation could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Even unsuccessful claims could result in the expenditure of funds and managerial efforts in defending them and could have a negative impact on our reputation.

We have limited insurance coverage, which could expose us to significant costs and business disruption.

We maintain certain insurance policies to safeguard against risks and unexpected events. We provide social security insurance including pension insurance, unemployment insurance and medical insurance for our employees. However, certain of our subsidiaries in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Qingdao, Hangzhou and Tianjin, such as Beijing Missfresh E-Commerce Co., Ltd., Qingdao Missfresh E-Commerce Co., Ltd., Shanghai Missfresh E-Commerce Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Missfresh E-Commerce Co., Ltd., have applied for extension of the payment for certain social security insurance to the end of December 2023 for certain of our former employees, and such applications have been approved by the relevant government authorities. However, insurance companies in China currently offer limited business-related insurance products. We do not maintain business interruption insurance or product liability insurance, nor do we maintain key-man life insurance. We cannot assure you that our insurance coverage is sufficient to prevent us from any loss or that we will be able to successfully claim our losses under our current insurance policy on a timely basis, or at all. If we incur any loss that is not covered by our insurance policies, or the compensated amount is significantly less than our actual loss, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We have entered into certain agreements for receiving strategic investment and disposing of certain business and assets, and such transactions have not been closed and we may not be able to close this transaction in a timely manner or at all. If any transaction involving issuance of our securities is closed, relevant issuance of securities will be subject to filing procedures under the Overseas Listing Trial Measures.

On July 14, 2022, we entered into a strategic investment agreement, or the Shanxi Donghui Agreement, with Shanxi Donghui Group, pursuant to which Shanxi Donghui Group or its designated affiliate shall subscribe for 298,507,463 Class B ordinary shares of the Company in the amount of the US$ equivalence of RMB200 million, subject to the satisfaction of the closing condition that Shanxi Donghui Group or its designated affiliate completes all necessary registrations and obtains all required governmental approvals in China for its overseas direct investment in the Company in the twelve months following the signing date of the Shanxi Donghui Agreement. Upon the closing, Shanxi Donghui Group will have the right to designate two directors for nomination and election to our board of directors. Shanxi Donghui Group did not provide any funding to us as we expected, and as a result, on July 28, 2022, we had to adopt significant adjustments to our business strategy for sustainability, including the shutdown of our on-demand DMW retail business and staff optimization. Subsequently, we also decided to shut down our Next-Day Delivery BU. These idled businesses contributed approximately 90% of our total net revenue and total cost of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, and therefore these significant adjustments to our business strategy have resulted in a material and adverse impact on our business, financial performance, reputation and prospect. In March 2023, to fucus on our private label product retail business, which was newly launched in January 2023, we terminated the intelligent fresh market business and the retail cloud business as part of our further business strategy adjustments. As of December 31, 2022, prior to the termination of the intelligent fresh market business and the retail cloud business, the related assets, including inventory, property, equipment, right of use assets (net of corresponding lease liabilities) and intangible assets have been fully provided impairment. As of the date of this annual report, this transaction contemplated under the Shanxi Donghui Agreement has not been closed. If the transaction is closed and certain Class B ordinary shares of the Company are issued to Shanxi Donghui Group or its designated affiliate, such issuance shall be filed with the CSRC in accordance with the Overseas Listing Trial Measures. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—The approval of and filing with the CSRC or other PRC government authorities will be required in connection with our future offshore offerings under PRC law, and we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing.”

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In August 2022, we entered into a business and asset transfer agreement to sell our business and assets relating to “convenience go” vending machine business, including all assets and patents owned by Beijing Bianligou, Jinan Bianligou and other related subsidiaries, to a third party for an aggregate consideration of up to RMB18.0 million in cash. As of the date of this annual report, the purchaser of this transaction has paid RMB4.8 million in cash to us and also paid RMB3.2 million directly to our suppliers and employees for paying off our accounts payable and accrued expenses, and this transaction contemplated under such business and asset transfer agreement has not been closed.

In August 2023, we entered into two share purchase agreements with two investors. Under one of these share purchase agreements, the investor agrees to subscribe 3,000,000,000 Class B ordinary shares of our company at a purchase price of US$15.0 million, subject to the satisfaction of certain closing conditions, and the transaction is planned to be closed within two business days after the signing of the share purchase agreement. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any payment under this share purchase agreement. Under the other share purchase agreement, the investor agrees to subscribe 2,400,000,000 Class B ordinary shares of our company at a purchase price of US$12.0 million, subject to the satisfaction of certain closing conditions, and the transaction is planned to be closed within 45 business days after the satisfaction or waiver of closing conditions or at such other time agreed in writing by the relevant parties. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any payment under this share purchase agreement. Both investors have agreed to irrevocably and fully delegate the voting rights of all shares issued pursuant to these share purchase agreements to Mr. Zheng Xu, our chairman of the board of directors and chief executive officer.

As of the date of this annual report, neither of the above transactions had been closed yet, and we cannot guarantee that we will receive any extra fundings from the relevant counterparty in these transactions in a timely manner, or at all.

We may need additional capital, and financing may not be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all

In 2020, 2021 and 2022, our net cash used in operating activities was RMB1,611.8 million, RMB2,589.0 million and RMB682.7 million (US$99.0 million), respectively. It is possible that we will continue to have negative cash flow in the future. We may require other cash resources due to changed business conditions or other future developments, including any changes in our account payable policy, marketing initiatives or investments we may decide to pursue. If these resources are insufficient to satisfy our cash requirements, we may seek to obtain a credit facility or sell additional equity or debt securities. The sale of additional equity securities could result in dilution of our existing shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could result in operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations. It is uncertain whether financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all.

Failure to comply with the terms of our indebtedness or enforcement of our obligations under any guarantee or other similar arrangement could have an adverse effect on our cash flow and liquidity.

As of December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, we had short-term borrowings of RMB830.0 million, RMB936.2 million and RMB5.0 million (US$0.7 million), respectively, and convertible note and loan of RMB248.9 million, nil and nil, respectively. Under our current debt financing arrangement and any debt financing arrangement that we may enter into in the future, we may be subject to covenants that could, among other things, restrict our business and operations. If we breach any of these covenants, our lenders under our credit facilities and holders of our unsecured senior notes will be entitled to accelerate our debt obligations. Any default under our credit facilities or unsecured senior notes could require that we repay these debts prior to maturity as well as limit our ability to obtain additional financing, which in turn may have a material adverse effect on our cash flow and liquidity. In addition, enforcement against us under any guarantee and other similar arrangements we may enter into in the future could materially and adversely affect our cash flow and liquidity.

Disruptions in the financial markets and economic conditions could affect our ability to raise capital.

Global economies could suffer dramatic downturns as the result of a deterioration in the credit markets and related financial crisis as well as a variety of other factors including, extreme volatility in security prices, severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, ratings downgrades of certain investments and declining valuations of others. In the past, governments have taken unprecedented actions in an attempt to address and rectify these extreme market and economic conditions by providing liquidity and stability to the financial markets. If these actions are not successful, the return of adverse economic conditions may cause a significant impact on our ability to raise capital, if needed, on a timely basis and on acceptable terms or at all.

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We may not be able to prevent others from unauthorized use of our intellectual property, which could harm our business and competitive position.

We regard our trademarks, copyrights, patents, domain names, know-how, proprietary technologies, and similar intellectual property as critical to our development, and we rely on a combination of intellectual property laws and contractual arrangements, including confidentiality, invention assignment and non-compete agreements with our employees and others, to protect our proprietary rights. Any of our intellectual property rights could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or misappropriated, or such intellectual property may not be sufficient to provide us with competitive advantages. In addition, there can be no assurance that (i) our application for registration of trademarks, patents, and other intellectual property rights will be approved, (ii) any intellectual property rights will be adequately protected, or (iii) such intellectual property rights will not be challenged by third parties or found by a judicial authority to be invalid or unenforceable. Furthermore, because of the rapid pace of technological change in our industry, parts of our business rely on technologies developed or licensed by third parties, and we may not be able to obtain or continue to obtain licenses and technologies from these third parties at all or on reasonable terms.

It is often difficult to register, maintain and enforce intellectual property rights in China. Confidentiality, invention assignment and non-compete agreements may be breached by counterparties, and there may not be adequate remedies available to us for any such breach. Accordingly, we may not be able to effectively protect our intellectual property rights or to enforce our contractual rights in China. Policing any unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly and the steps we take may be inadequate to prevent the infringement or misappropriation of our intellectual property. In the event that we resort to litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights, such litigation could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our managerial and financial resources, and could put our intellectual property at risk of being invalidated or narrowed in scope. We can provide no assurance that we will prevail in such litigation, and even if we do prevail, we may not obtain a meaningful recovery. In addition, our trade secrets may be leaked or otherwise become available to, or be independently discovered by, our competitors. Any failure in maintaining, protecting or enforcing our intellectual property rights could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims, which may be expensive to defend and may disrupt our business and operations.

We cannot be certain that our operations or any aspects of our business do not or will not infringe upon or otherwise violate patents, copyrights or other intellectual property rights held by third parties. We have been, and from time to time in the future may be, subject to legal proceedings and claims relating to the intellectual property rights of others. In addition, there may be other third-party intellectual property that is infringed by our products, services or other aspects of our business. There could also be existing patents of which we are not aware that our products may inadvertently infringe. We cannot assure you that holders of patents purportedly relating to some aspect of our technology platform or business, if any such holders exist, would not seek to enforce such patents against us in China, the United States or any other jurisdictions.

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In addition, we strive to closely monitor the products offered by us, and also require suppliers to indemnify us for any losses we suffer or any costs that we incur in relation to the products we source from such suppliers. However, we cannot be certain that these measures would be effective in completely preventing the infringement of trademarks, patents, copyrights, know-how or other intellectual property rights held by third parties. Further, the application and interpretation of China’s patent laws and the procedures and standards for granting patents in China are still evolving and are uncertain, and we cannot assure you that PRC courts or regulatory authorities would agree with our analysis. If we are found to have violated the intellectual property rights of others, we may be subject to liability for our infringement activities or may be prohibited from using such intellectual property, and we may incur licensing fees or be forced to develop alternatives of our own. In addition, we may incur significant expenses, and may be forced to divert management’s time and other resources from our business and operations to defend against these third-party infringement claims, regardless of their merits. Successful infringement or licensing claims made against us may result in significant monetary liabilities and may materially disrupt our business and operations by restricting or prohibiting our use of the intellectual property in question. Finally, we use open-source software in connection with our products and services. Companies that incorporate open-source software into their products and services have, from time to time, faced claims challenging the ownership of open-source software and compliance with open-source license terms. As a result, we could be subject to suits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open-source software or noncompliance with open-source licensing terms. Some open-source software licenses require users who distribute open-source software as part of their software to publicly disclose all or part of the source code to such software and make available any derivative works of the open-source code on unfavorable terms or at no cost. Any requirement to disclose our source code or pay damages for breach of contract could be harmful to our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We have granted and may continue to grant restricted share units and other types of awards under our Share Incentive Plan, which may result in increased share-based compensation expenses.

We have adopted an Amended and Restated 2017 Equity Incentive Plan and a 2021 Equity Incentive Plan to provide additional incentives to employees, directors and consultants. As of December 31, 2022, the awards that have been granted to our directors, officers, employees, consultants and other personnel and remain outstanding included (i) options to purchase an aggregate of 21,877,485 Class B ordinary shares, and (ii) restricted share units to receive an aggregate of 61,898,300 Class B ordinary shares. We recorded the share-based compensation expenses of RMB59.5 million, RMB810.2 million, and RMB91.4 million (US$13.2 million) for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. We believe the granting of share-based awards is of significant importance to our ability to expand consumer base and retain key personnel and employees, and we will continue to grant share-based awards to employees in the future. As a result, our expenses associated with share-based compensation may increase, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

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We may be the subject of anti-competitive, harassing or other detrimental conduct by third parties including complaints to regulatory agencies, negative blog postings, and the public dissemination of malicious assessments of our business that could harm our reputation and cause us to lose market share, consumers and revenues and adversely affect the price of our ADSs.

We may be the target of anti-competitive, harassing, or other detrimental conduct by third parties. Such conduct includes complaints, anonymous or otherwise, to regulatory agencies. Our brand name and our business may be harmed by aggressive marketing and communications strategies of our competitors. We may be subject to government or regulatory investigation as a result of such third-party conduct and may be required to expend significant time and incur substantial costs to address such third-party conduct, and there is no assurance that we will be able to conclusively refute each of the allegations within a reasonable period of time, or at all. Additionally, allegations, directly or indirectly against us, may be posted in internet chat-rooms or on blogs or websites by anyone, whether or not related to us, on an anonymous basis. Consumers value readily available information concerning retailers, manufacturers, and their goods and services and often act on such information without further investigation or authentication and without regard to its accuracy. The availability of information on social media platforms and devices is virtually immediate, as is its impact. Social media platforms and devices immediately publish the content their subscribers and participants post, often without filters or checks on the accuracy of the content posted. Information posted may be inaccurate and adverse to us, and it may harm our financial performance, prospects or business. The harm may be immediate without affording us an opportunity for redress or correction. Our reputation may be negatively affected as a result of the public dissemination of anonymous allegations or malicious statements about our business, which in turn may cause us to lose market share, consumers and revenues and adversely affect the price of our Class B ordinary shares and/or ADSs.

We face risks relating to natural disasters, health epidemics and other outbreaks, which could significantly disrupt our operations.

In addition to the impact of COVID-19, our business could be materially and adversely affected by natural disasters, such as snowstorms, earthquakes, fires or floods, the outbreak of other widespread health epidemic, such as swine flu, avian influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome, Ebola, Zika or other events, such as wars, acts of terrorism, environmental accidents, power shortage or communication interruptions. The occurrence of such a disaster or prolonged outbreak of an epidemic illness or other adverse public health developments in the PRC or elsewhere could materially disrupt our business and operations. Such events could also significantly affect our industry and cause a temporary closure of the facilities we use for our operations, which would severely disrupt our operations and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our operations could be disrupted if any of our employees were suspected of having any of the epidemic illnesses, since this could require us to quarantine some or all of such employees or disinfect the facilities used for our operations. In addition, our revenue and profitability could be materially reduced to the extent that a natural disaster, health epidemic or other outbreak harms the global or Chinese economy in general. Our operations could also be severely disrupted if our consumers, suppliers, merchants, business partners, or other participants were affected by such natural disasters, health epidemics or other outbreaks.

A severe or prolonged downturn in the Chinese or global economy could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

COVID-19 have had a severe and negative impact on the Chinese and the global economy since 2020. Whether this will lead to a prolonged downturn in the economy is still unknown. If this outbreak persists, commercial activities throughout the world could be curtailed with decreased consumer spending, business disruptions, interrupted supply chains and difficulties in travel. Our business had been adversely affected by the outbreak of COVID-19 in China due to negative impacts to our supply chain and fulfillment operations. The extent to which the pandemic impacts our results of operations going forward will depend on future developments which are highly uncertain and unpredictable, including the frequency, duration and extent of outbreaks of COVID-19, the appearance of new variants with different characteristics, the effectiveness of efforts to contain or treat cases, and future actions that may be taken in response to these developments.

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Even before the outbreak of COVID-19, the global macroeconomic environment was facing numerous challenges. The growth rate of the Chinese economy had already been slowing since 2010. There is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies which had been adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including the United States and China, even before 2021. The war in Ukraine and the imposition of broad economic sanctions on Russia could raise energy prices and disrupt global markets. Unrest, terrorist threats and the potential for war may increase market volatility across the globe. There have also been concerns about the relationship between China and other countries, including the surrounding Asian countries, which may potentially have economic effects. In particular, there is significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and China with respect to trade policies, treaties, government regulations and tariffs. Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions, as well as changes in domestic economic and political policies and the expected or perceived overall economic growth rate in China. Any severe or prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The current tensions in international trade and rising political tensions, particularly between the United States and China, may adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

There have been heightened tensions in international economic relations in recent years, such as the one between the United States and China. The U.S. government has imposed, and may continue to impose additional, new, or higher tariffs on certain products imported from China to penalize China for what it characterizes as unfair trade practices. China has responded by imposing, and proposing to impose additional, new, or higher tariffs on certain products imported from the United States. Following mutual retaliatory actions for months, on January 15, 2020, the United States and China entered into the Economic and Trade Agreement Between the United States of America and the People’s Republic of China as a phase one trade deal, effective on February 14, 2020.

In addition, political tensions between the United States and China have escalated due to, among other things, trade disputes, the COVID-19 pandemic, the passage of Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region by the Standing Committee of the PRC National People’s Congress, sanctions imposed by the U.S. Department of Treasury on certain officials of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the PRC central government and the executive orders issued by the U.S. government that prohibit certain transactions with certain selected Chinese technology companies, and the Executive Order 13959 issued in November 2020 targeting transactions by U.S. persons in certain securities of designated “Communist Chinese military companies.” As we work with a wide range of business partners in China and elsewhere in the world, should any of our major business partners become subject to sanctions or restrictions by the U.S. government, our business may be adversely affected. Rising political tensions could reduce levels of trades, investments, technological exchanges, and other economic activities between the two major economies, which would materially and adversely affect the global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets. Such tensions between the United States and China, and any escalation thereof, potentially as a result of the conflict in Ukraine and sanctions on Russia, may have a negative impact on the general, economic, political, and social conditions in China and, in turn, adversely impacting our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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Risks Relating to Doing Business in China

The PCAOB had historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditor in the past has deprived our investors with the benefits of such inspections.

Our auditor, the independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report included elsewhere in this annual report, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the PCAOB, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. The auditor is located in mainland China, a jurisdiction where the PCAOB had historically been unable to conduct inspections and investigations completely before 2022. As a result, we and investors in the ADSs were deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China in the past has made it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our independent registered public accounting firm’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to the PCAOB inspections. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB issued a report that vacated its December 16, 2021 determination and removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. However, if the PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong, and we use an accounting firm headquartered in one of these jurisdictions to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, we and investors in our ADSs would be deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections again, which could cause investors and potential investors in the ADSs to lose confidence in our audit procedures and reported financial information and the quality of our financial statements.

Our ADSs may be prohibited from trading in the United States under the HFCAA in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in China. The delisting of the ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.

Pursuant to the HFCAA, if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspections by the PCAOB for two consecutive years, the SEC will prohibit our shares or ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States.

On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report to notify the SEC of its determination that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong and our auditor was subject to that determination. In December 2022, the SEC conclusively listed us as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA following the filing of our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB removed mainland China and Hong Kong from the list of jurisdictions where it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms. For this reason, we do not expect to be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer under the HFCAA after we file this annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

Each year, the PCAOB will determine whether it can inspect and investigate completely audit firms in mainland China and Hong Kong, among other jurisdictions. If the PCAOB determines in the future that it no longer has full access to inspect and investigate completely accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong and we use an accounting firm headquartered in one of these jurisdictions to issue an audit report on our financial statements filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, we would be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer following the filing of the annual report on Form 20-F for the relevant fiscal year. In accordance with the HFCAA, our securities would be prohibited from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States if we are identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer for two consecutive years in the future. If our shares and ADSs are prohibited from trading in the United States, there is no certainty that we will be able to list on a non-U.S. exchange or that a market for our shares will develop outside of the United States. A prohibition of being able to trade in the United States would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase our ADSs when you wish to do so, and the risk and uncertainty associated with delisting would have a negative impact on the price of our ADSs. Also, such a prohibition would significantly affect our ability to raise capital on terms acceptable to us, or at all, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and prospects.

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The PRC government’s significant oversight and influence over our business operation could result in a material adverse change in our operations and the value of our ADSs.

We conduct our business primarily in China. Our operations in China are governed by PRC laws and regulations. The PRC government has significant oversight and influence over the conduct of our business, and it may intervene in or influence our operations as it deems appropriate to advance regulatory and societal goals and policy positions. The PRC government has recently published new regulations and policies that significantly affected certain industries, and we cannot rule out the possibility that the PRC government will in the future release regulations or policies that directly or indirectly affect our industry or require us to seek additional permission to continue our operations, which could result in a material adverse change in our operation and/or the value of our ADSs. Therefore, investors of our company and our business face potential uncertainty from actions taken by the PRC government affecting our business.

Changes in China’s economic, or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

Substantially all of our assets and operations are located in China. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be influenced to a significant degree by economic and social conditions in China generally.

The PRC government also exercises significant influence over China’s economic growth through setting monetary policy, and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies.

Any adverse changes in economic conditions in China, or in the laws and regulations in China could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China. Such developments could adversely affect our business and operating results. The PRC government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall PRC economy, but may have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations.

Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system and changes in laws and regulations in China could adversely affect us.

We conduct our business primarily through our PRC subsidiaries. Our operations in China are governed by PRC laws and regulations. Our PRC subsidiaries are subject to laws and regulations applicable to foreign investment in China. The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike the common law system, prior court decisions under the civil law system may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. In addition, any new or changes in PRC laws and regulations related to foreign investment in China could affect the business environment and our ability to operate our business in China.

From time to time, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce our legal rights. Since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant influence on interpreting and implementing statutory provisions, it may be difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy. These uncertainties may impede our ability to enforce the contracts we have entered into and could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

PRC government has significant oversight over the conduct of our business and it has recently indicated an intent to exert more oversight over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers. Any such action could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

You may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in China against us or our management based on foreign laws.

We are an exempted company with limited liability incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, and substantially all of our assets and operations are located in China. In addition, substantially all our officers and directors reside within China and substantially all of them are PRC nationals. As a result, it may be difficult for you to effect service of process upon us or those persons inside the mainland of China. It may also be difficult for you to enforce in U.S. courts judgments obtained in U.S. courts based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us and our officers and directors as none of them currently resides in the United States or has substantial assets located in the United States. In addition, there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands or the PRC would recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts against us or such persons predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state.

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The recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments are provided for under the PRC Civil Procedures Law. PRC courts may recognize and enforce foreign judgments in accordance with the requirements of the PRC Civil Procedures Law based either on treaties between China and the country where the judgment is made or on principles of reciprocity between jurisdictions. China does not have any treaties or other forms of written arrangement with the United States that provide for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. In addition, according to the PRC Civil Procedures Law, the PRC courts will not enforce a foreign judgment against us or our directors and officers if they decide that the judgment violates the basic principles of PRC laws or national sovereignty, security or public interest. As a result, it is uncertain whether and on what basis a PRC court would enforce a judgment rendered by a court in the United States.

It may be difficult for overseas regulators to conduct investigations or collect evidence within China.

Shareholder claims or regulatory investigations that are common in the United States generally are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to providing information for regulatory investigations or litigation initiated outside China. Although the authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the Unities States may not be efficient in the absence of mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. Furthermore, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the PRC. While detailed interpretation of or implementation rules under Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law have yet to be promulgated, the inability for an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigations or evidence collection activities within China may further increase difficulties faced by you in protecting your interests. See also “—Risks Relating to Our ADSs and Shares—You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law” for risks associated with investing in us as a Cayman Islands company.

Certain PRC regulations may make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions.

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex. Such regulation requires, among other things, that MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change of control transaction in which a foreign investor acquires control of a PRC domestic enterprise and involves any of the following circumstances: (i) any important industry is concerned; (ii) such transaction involves factors that impact or may impact national economic security; or (iii) such transaction will lead to a change in control of a domestic enterprise which holds a famous trademark or PRC time-honored brand. Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law promulgated by the Standing Committee of National People’s Congress which became effective in 2008 and amended in 2022, requires that transactions which are deemed concentrations and involve parties with specified turnover thresholds must be cleared by the SAMR, the successive authority of MOFCOM, before they can be completed.

In addition, the security review rules issued by MOFCOM that became effective in September 2011 specify that mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors that raise “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions through which foreign investors may acquire de facto control over domestic enterprises that raise “national security” concerns are subject to strict review by MOFCOM, and the rules prohibit any activities attempting to bypass a security review, including by structuring the transaction through a proxy or contractual control arrangement. In the future, we may pursue potential strategic acquisitions that are complementary to our business and operations, including the expansion of our private label product retail business, which may be subject to the SAMR merger review. Complying with the requirements of the above-mentioned regulations and other relevant rules to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval or clearance from MOFCOM, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

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PRC regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents may limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to change their registered capital or distribute profits to us or otherwise expose us or our PRC resident beneficial owners to liability and penalties under PRC law.

In July 2014, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents’ Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment Through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37. SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents (including PRC individuals and PRC corporate entities as well as foreign individuals that are deemed as PRC residents for foreign exchange administration purpose) to register with SAFE or its local branches in connection with their direct or indirect offshore investment activities and also requires the foreign-invested enterprise that is established through round-trip investment to truthfully disclose its controller(s). SAFE Circular 37 further requires amendment to SAFE registrations in the event of any changes with respect to the basic information of the offshore special purpose vehicle, such as change of a PRC individual shareholder, name and operation term, or any significant changes with respect to the offshore special purpose vehicle, such as increase or decrease of capital contribution, share transfer or exchange, or mergers or divisions. SAFE Circular 37 is applicable to our shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC residents and may be applicable to any offshore acquisitions that we make in the future. In February 2015, SAFE promulgated a Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Foreign Exchange Administration Policy on Direct Investment, or SAFE Notice 13, effective since June 2015. Under SAFE Notice 13, applications for foreign exchange registration of inbound foreign direct investments and outbound overseas direct investments, including those required under SAFE Circular 37, should be filed with qualified banks instead of SAFE. The qualified banks examine the applications and accept registrations under the supervision of SAFE.

Any failure or inability of the relevant shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC residents to comply with the registration procedures set forth in these regulations, or any failure to disclose or misrepresentation of the controller(s) of the foreign-invested enterprise that is established through round-trip investment, may subject us to fines and legal sanctions, such as restrictions on our cross-border investment activities, on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to distribute dividends and the proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to us. Moreover, failure to comply with the various foreign exchange registration requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for circumventing applicable foreign exchange restrictions.

Pursuant to the Measures for the Administration of Outbound Investment published by MOFCOM in September 2014, which took effect in October 2014, and the Administrative Measures for Outbound Investment of Enterprises published by the NDRC in December 2017, which took effect in March 2018, or the NDRC Order No. 11, any outbound investment of PRC enterprises must be approved by or filed with MOFCOM, NDRC or their local branches.

We have been notified that our founders who are PRC residents have completed the initial registrations with the local SAFE branch or qualified banks as required by SAFE Circular 37. However, we may not at all times be fully informed of the identities of all the PRC residents and entities holding direct or indirect interest in our company, and we cannot provide any assurance that these PRC residents and entities will comply with our request to make or obtain any applicable registrations or continuously comply with all requirements under SAFE Circular 37, or NDRC Order No. 11, or other outbound investment related regulations or other related rules. As a result, we cannot assure you that all of our shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC residents or entities have complied with, and will in the future make or obtain any applicable registrations, approvals or filings required by, SAFE regulations or other outbound investment related regulations. Failure by our shareholders or beneficial owners to comply with SAFE regulations, or failure by us to amend the foreign exchange registrations of our PRC subsidiaries, could subject us to fines or legal sanctions, restrict our overseas or cross-border investment activities, limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to make distributions or pay dividends or affect our ownership structure. As a result, our business operations and our ability to distribute profits to you could be materially and adversely affected. If any of our beneficial owners who are PRC entities fails to comply with NDRC Order No. 11 or other outbound investment related regulations, the investments of such beneficial owners in us could be subject to suspension or termination, while our beneficial owners could be subject to warnings or applicable criminal liabilities. Any of the foregoing could materially adversely affect our operations, acquisition opportunities and financing alternatives.

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Any failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee stock incentive plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

In February 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notice of Issues Related to the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Listed Company, replacing earlier rules promulgated in 2007. Pursuant to these rules, PRC citizens and non-PRC citizens who reside in China for a continuous period of not less than one year who participate in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company, subject to a few exceptions, are required to register with SAFE through a domestic qualified agent, which could be the PRC subsidiaries of such overseas-listed company, and complete certain other procedures. In addition, an overseas-entrusted institution must be retained to handle matters in connection with the exercise or sale of stock options and the purchase or sale of shares and interests. We and our executive officers and other employees who are PRC citizens or who reside in China for a continuous period of not less than one year and who have been granted options are subject to these regulations as our company become an overseas-listed company. Failure to complete SAFE registrations may subject them to fines of up to RMB300,000 for entities and up to RMB50,000 for individuals, and legal sanctions and may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into our PRC subsidiary and limit our PRC subsidiary’s ability to distribute dividends to us. We also face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt additional incentive plans for our directors, executive officers and employees under PRC law. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulation Related to Stock Incentive Plan.”

In addition, the State Administration of Taxation, or SAT, has issued certain circulars concerning employee share options and restricted shares. Under these circulars, our employees working in China who exercise share options or are granted restricted shares will be subject to PRC individual income tax. Our PRC subsidiaries have obligations to file documents related to employee share options or restricted shares with relevant tax authorities and to withhold individual income taxes of those employees who exercise their share options. If our employees fail to pay or we fail to withhold their income taxes according to relevant laws and regulations, we may face sanctions imposed by the tax authorities or other PRC government authorities. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulation—Regulation Related to Stock Incentive Plan.”

PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of our initial public offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

We are an offshore holding company conducting our operations in China through our PRC subsidiaries. We may make loans to our PRC subsidiaries subject to the approval from governmental authorities and limitation of amount, or we may make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries.

Any loans to our PRC subsidiaries, which are treated as foreign-invested enterprises under PRC law, are subject to PRC regulations and foreign exchange loan registrations. For example, loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries to finance their activities cannot exceed statutory limits and must be registered with the local counterpart of SAFE, and medium or long-term loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries must be recorded and registered with the National Development and Reform Committee, or the NDRC. In addition, a foreign invested enterprise shall use its capital pursuant to the principle of authenticity and self-use within its business scope. The capital of a foreign invested enterprise shall not be used for the following purposes: (i) directly or indirectly used for payment beyond the business scope of the enterprises or the payment prohibited by relevant laws and regulations; (ii) directly or indirectly used for investment in securities or investments other than banks’ principal-secured products unless otherwise provided by relevant laws and regulations; (iii) the granting of loans to non-affiliated enterprises, except where it is expressly permitted in the business license; and (iv) paying the expenses related to the purchase of real estate that is not for self-use (except for the foreign-invested real estate enterprises).

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SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming the Administration of Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19, effective June 2015, in replacement of the Circular on the Relevant Operating Issues Concerning the Improvement of the Administration of the Payment and Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, the Notice from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Relevant Issues Concerning Strengthening the Administration of Foreign Exchange Businesses, and the Circular on Further Clarification and Regulation of the Issues Concerning the Administration of Certain Capital Account Foreign Exchange Businesses. According to SAFE Circular 19, the flow and use of the RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company is regulated such that RMB capital may not be used for the issuance of RMB entrusted loans, the repayment of inter-enterprise loans or the repayment of banks loans that have been transferred to a third party. Although SAFE Circular 19 allows RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested enterprise to be used for equity investments within China, it also reiterates the principle that RMB converted from the foreign currency-denominated capital of a foreign-invested company may not be directly or indirectly used for purposes beyond its business scope. Thus, it is unclear whether SAFE will permit such capital to be used for equity investments in China in actual practice. SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Standardizing the Foreign Exchange Settlement Management Policy of Capital Account, or SAFE Circular 16, effective on June 9, 2016, which reiterates some of the rules set forth in SAFE Circular 19, but changes the prohibition against using RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company to issue RMB entrusted loans to a prohibition against using such capital to issue loans to non-associated enterprises. Violations of SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16 could result in administrative penalties. SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16 may significantly limit our ability to transfer any foreign currency we hold, including the net proceeds from our initial public offering, to our PRC subsidiaries, which may adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business in China. In addition, SAFE promulgated the Circular Regarding Further Promotion of the Facilitation of Cross-Border Trade and Investment on October 23, 2019, or SAFE Circular 28, pursuant to which all foreign-invested enterprises can make equity investments in the PRC with their capital funds in accordance with the applicable laws. As SAFE Circular 28 is new and the relevant government authorities have broad discretion in interpreting the regulation, it is unclear whether SAFE will permit such capital funds to be used for equity investments in the PRC in actual practice.

In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans or future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiaries. As a result, uncertainties exist as to our ability to provide prompt financial support to our PRC subsidiaries when needed. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use the proceeds we expect to receive from our initial public offering and to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

In addition, our PRC subsidiaries may also be required to withhold a value-added tax of 6% and an income tax of 10% (or 7% if paid to a resident of Hong Kong who qualifies for the benefits of the tax treaty between China and Hong Kong) and other tax as applicable on interest paid under any cross-border shareholder loan. Prior to the payment or any interest on any such shareholder loan, our PRC subsidiaries must present evidence of registration with SAFE regarding any such shareholder loan and may be required to provide evidence of payment of withholding tax on the interest payable on that loan.

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If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders or ADS holders.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with “de facto management body” within China is considered a “resident enterprise” and will be subject to the enterprise income tax on its global income at the rate of 25%. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control and overall management over the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In 2009, the SAT, issued the Circular of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Relating to Identification of PRC-Controlled Overseas Registered Enterprises as Resident Enterprises in Accordance with the De Facto Standards of Organizational Management, or SAT Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Although this circular only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect SAT’s general position on how the “de facto management body” text should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to SAT Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in China; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in China; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions, are located or maintained in China; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in China.

We believe that we are not a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body”. If the PRC tax authorities determine that we are a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we could be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 25% on our worldwide income, which could materially reduce our net income, and we may be required to withhold a 10% withholding tax from dividends we pay to our shareholders that are non-resident enterprises, including the holders of our ADSs. In addition, non-resident enterprise shareholders (including our ADS holders) may be subject to 10% PRC tax on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of ADSs or Class B ordinary shares, if such income is treated as sourced from within China. Furthermore, if we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends payable to our non-PRC individual shareholders (including our ADS holders) and any gain realized on the transfer of ADSs or Class B ordinary shares by such shareholders may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 20% (which in the case of dividends may be withheld at source). It is unclear whether non-PRC shareholders of our company would be able to obtain the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise. Any such tax may reduce the returns on your investment in the ADSs or Class B ordinary shares.

We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.

In February 2015, the SAT issued the Public Notice Regarding Certain Enterprise Income Tax Matters on Indirect Transfer of Properties by Non-Resident Enterprises, or SAT Public Notice 7. SAT Public Notice 7 extends its tax jurisdiction to not only indirect transfers but also transactions involving transfer of other taxable assets, through the offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. In addition, SAT Public Notice 7 provides certain criteria on how to assess reasonable commercial purposes and has introduced safe harbors for internal group restructurings and the purchase and sale of equity through a public securities market. SAT Public Notice 7 also brings challenges to both the foreign transferor and transferee (or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer) of the taxable assets. Where a non-resident enterprise conducts an “indirect transfer” by transferring the taxable assets indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, the non-resident enterprise being the transferor, or the transferee, or the PRC entity which directly owns the taxable assets may report to the relevant tax authority such indirect transfer. Using a “substance over form” principle, the PRC tax authority may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if it lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring PRC tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, and the transferee or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a tax rate of 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise. Both the transferor and the transferee may be subject to penalties under PRC tax laws if the transferee fails to withhold the taxes and the transferor fails to pay the taxes. However, according to the aforesaid safe harbor rule, the PRC tax would not be applicable to the transfer by any non-resident enterprise of ADSs of the Company acquired and sold on public securities markets.

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On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued the Public Notice on Issues Relating to Withholding at Source of Income Tax of Non-resident Enterprises, or the SAT Public Notice 37, which came into effect on December 1, 2017. According to SAT Public Notice 37, where the non-resident enterprise fails to declare its tax payable pursuant to Article 39 of the EIT Law, the tax authority may order it to pay its tax due within required time limits, and the non-resident enterprise shall declare and pay its tax payable within such time limits specified by the tax authority. If the non-resident enterprise voluntarily declares and pays its tax payable before the tax authority orders it to do so, it shall be deemed that such enterprise has paid its tax payable in time.

We face uncertainties on the reporting and consequences of future private equity financing transactions, share exchanges or other transactions involving the transfer of shares in our company by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises. The PRC tax authorities may pursue such non-resident enterprises with respect to a filing or the transferees with respect to withholding obligation and request our PRC subsidiaries to assist in the filing. As a result, we and non-resident enterprises in such transactions may become at risk of being subject to filing obligations or being taxed under SAT Public Notice 7 and SAT Public Notice 37, and may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with them or to establish that we and our non-resident enterprises should not be taxed under these regulations, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Discontinuation of any of the preferential tax treatments and government subsidies or imposition of any additional taxes and surcharges could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, the statutory enterprise income tax rate is 25%, and the income tax of an enterprise that has been determined to be a technologically advanced service enterprise can be reduced to a preferential rate of 15%. Any increase in the enterprise income tax rate applicable to our PRC subsidiary, or any discontinuation or retroactive or future reduction of any of the preferential tax treatments currently enjoyed by our PRC subsidiary, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Further, in the ordinary course of our business, we are subject to complex income tax and other tax regulations, and significant judgment is required in the determination of a provision for income taxes. Although we believe our tax provisions are reasonable, if the PRC tax authorities successfully challenge our position and we are required to pay tax, interest and penalties in excess of our tax provisions, our financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

We are a Cayman Islands holding company and principally rely on dividends and other distributions on equity from our PRC subsidiaries for our cash requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and service any debt we may incur. Current PRC regulations permit our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to us only out of their accumulated after-tax profits upon satisfaction of relevant statutory conditions and procedures, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. In addition, each of our PRC subsidiaries is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds until the total amount set aside reaches 50% of its registered capital. Additionally, if our PRC subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us.

Our PRC subsidiaries generate primarily all of their revenue in Renminbi, which is not freely convertible into other currencies. As result, any restriction on currency exchange may limit the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to use their Renminbi revenues to pay dividends to us.

The PRC government may continue to strengthen its capital controls, and more restrictions and substantial vetting process may be put forward by SAFE for cross-border transactions falling under both the current account and the capital account. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other kinds of payments to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

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In addition, the Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules provide that a withholding tax rate of up to 10% will be applicable to dividends payable by Chinese companies to non-PRC-resident enterprises unless otherwise exempted or reduced according to treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and governments of other countries or regions where the non-PRC-resident enterprises are incorporated.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment

The conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies, including U.S. dollars, is based on rates set by the People’s Bank of China. The Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. The value of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies is affected by changes in China’s political and economic conditions and by China’s foreign exchange policies, among other things. We cannot assure you that Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

Substantially all of our income and expenses are denominated in Renminbi and our reporting currency is Renminbi. Significant revaluation of the Renminbi may have a material and adverse effect on your investment.

For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we receive from our initial public offering into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would reduce the Renminbi amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert our Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of paying dividends or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would reduce the U.S. dollar amount available to us.

Very limited hedging options are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to hedge our exposure adequately or at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency.

Legal requirements and procedures of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment

There are legal requirements and procedures on the convertibility of Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. We receive our revenues primarily in Renminbi. Under our current corporate structure, our Cayman Islands holding company may rely on dividend payments from our PRC subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval of SAFE, by complying with certain procedural requirements. Specifically, under the existing foreign exchange restrictions, without prior approval of SAFE, cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiaries in China may be used to pay dividends to our company. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. As a result, we need to obtain SAFE approval to use cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiaries and its subsidiaries to pay off their respective debt in a currency other than Renminbi owed to entities outside China, or to make other capital expenditure payments outside China in a currency other than Renminbi.

In light of the flood of capital outflows from China, more restrictions and substantial vetting process may be required by SAFE or other government authorities to regulate cross-border transactions falling under the capital account. If we fail to obtain sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of our ADSs.

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Litigation and negative publicity surrounding China-based companies listed in the U.S. may result in increased regulatory scrutiny of us and negatively impact the trading price of the ADSs and could have a material adverse effect upon our business, including our results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and prospects.

We believe that litigation and negative publicity surrounding companies with operations in China that are listed in the U.S. have negatively impacted stock prices for such companies. Various equity-based research organizations have published reports on China-based companies after examining, among other things, their corporate governance practices, related party transactions, sales practices and financial statements that have led to special investigations and stock suspensions on national exchanges. Any similar scrutiny of us, regardless of its lack of merit, could result in a diversion of management resources and energy, potential costs to defend ourselves against rumors, decreases and volatility in the ADS trading price, and increased directors and officers insurance premiums and could have a material adverse effect upon our business, including our results of operations, financial condition, cash flows and prospects.

Enforcement of stricter labor laws and regulations and increases in labor costs in the PRC may materially and adversely affect our business and our profitability.

China’s overall economy and the average wage have increased in recent years and are expected to continue to grow. The average wage level for our employees is competitive as compared with the average level in our industry and has also increased in recent years. Unless we are able to pass on these increased labor costs to our consumers who pay for our products and services, our profitability and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. Further, pursuant to the PRC Labor Contract Law, as amended, or the Labor Contract Law, and its implementation rules, employers are subject to various requirements in terms of signing labor contracts, minimum wages, paying remuneration, determining the term of employees’ probation and unilaterally terminating labor contracts. In the event that we decide to terminate some of our employees or otherwise change our employment or labor practices, the Labor Contract Law and its implementation rules may limit our ability to affect those changes in a desirable or cost-effective manner, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

In addition, under the PRC Social Insurance Law and the Administrative Measures on Housing Fund, employees are required to participate in pension insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, and housing funds, and employers are required, together with their employees or separately, to pay the contributions to social insurance and housing funds for their employees. The relevant government agencies may examine whether an employer has made adequate payments of the requisite statutory employee benefits, and employers who fail to make adequate payments may be subject to late payment fees, fines and/or other penalties. However, certain of our subsidiaries in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Qingdao, Hangzhou and Tianjin, such as Beijing Missfresh E-Commerce Co., Ltd., Qingdao Missfresh E-Commerce Co., Ltd., Shanghai Missfresh E-Commerce Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Missfresh E-Commerce Co., Ltd., have applied for extension of the payment for certain social security insurance to the end of December 2023 for certain of our former employees, and such applications have been approved by the relevant government authorities. We have recorded accruals for the estimated underpaid amounts for the current employees in our financial statements. In addition, certain of our PRC subsidiaries engaged third-party human resources agencies to make social insurance and housing fund contributions for some of their employees, and there is no assurance that such third-party agencies made such contributions in full in a timely manner, or at all. If the relevant PRC authorities determine that we shall make up for social insurance and housing fund contributions or that we are subject to fines and legal sanctions in relation to our failure to make social insurance and housing fund contributions in full for our employees, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We cannot assure you that our employment practices will be deemed to be in full compliance with labor-related laws and regulations in China due to interpretation and implementation uncertainties related to the evolving labor laws and regulations, which may subject us to labor disputes or government investigations. For example, as of the date of this annual report, our PRC subsidiaries, including but not limited to Beijing Missfresh E-commerce Co., Ltd., Qingdao Missfresh E-Commerce Co., Ltd., Changshu Missfresh E-Commerce Co., Ltd., Guangzhou Missfresh E-commerce Co., Ltd., Tianjin Missfresh E-commerce Co., Ltd., Jinan Missfresh E-commerce Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Missfresh E-Commerce Co., Ltd., have been named as defendants in labor disputes in China brought by approximately 1,332 former employees for approximately RMB66.6 million in aggregate. If we are deemed to have violated relevant labor laws and regulations, we could be required to provide additional compensation to our employees and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

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The approval of and filing with the CSRC or other PRC government authorities will be required in connection with our future offshore offerings under PRC law, and we cannot predict whether or for how long we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing.

The Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, requires an overseas special purpose vehicle formed for listing purposes through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies and controlled by PRC persons or entities to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. The interpretation and application of the regulations remain unclear, and our offshore offerings may ultimately require approval of the CSRC under the M&A Rules. If the CSRC approval under the M&A Rules is required, it is uncertain whether we can or how long it will take us to obtain the approval and, even if we obtain such CSRC approval, the approval could be rescinded. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining the CSRC approval for any of our offshore offerings, or a rescission of such approval if obtained by us, would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities, which could include fines and penalties on our operations in China, restrictions or limitations on our ability to pay dividends outside of China, and other forms of sanctions that may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

On July 6, 2021, the relevant PRC government authorities issued the Opinions on Strictly Scrutinizing Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies, to improve relevant laws and regulations on data security, cross-border data transmission, and confidential information management, and provided that efforts will be made to revise the regulations on strengthening the confidentiality and file management relating to the offering and listing of securities overseas, and proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies.

On December 28, 2021, the CAC, the NDRC, the MIIT, and several other administrations jointly promulgated the Cybersecurity Review Measures, or the Review Measures, which became effective on February 15, 2022. The Review Measures has replaced its previous version promulgated on April 13, 2020. According to the Review Measures, among others, (i) an application for cybersecurity review shall be made by an issuer who is a network platform operator holding personal information of more than one million users before such issuer applies to list securities on a foreign stock exchange; and (ii) the relevant PRC governmental authorities may initiate cybersecurity review if such governmental authorities determine that the issuer’s network products or services, or data processing activities affect or may affect national security. On the bases that (i) the Review Measures was promulgated recently, (ii) the exact scope of “network platform operator” under the Review Measures remains unclear, and (iii) there are substantial uncertainties on the interpretation and application of the Review Measures, there can be no assurance that we would be required to apply for such cybersecurity review for our offshore offerings. Any failure in completion of a cybersecurity review may result in administrative penalties, including fines, a shut-down of our business, revocation of requisite licenses, as well as reputational damage or legal proceedings or actions against us, which may have material adverse effects on our business, financial condition and results of operations. As of the date of this annual report, we have not been involved in any formal investigations on cybersecurity review made by the CAC on such basis.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated Trial Administrative Measures of the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, or the Overseas Listing Trial Measures and relevant five guidelines, which became effective on March 31, 2023. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures comprehensively improve and reform the regulatory regime for overseas offering and listing of PRC domestic companies’ securities and will regulate both direct and indirect overseas offering and listing of PRC domestic companies’ securities by adopting a filing-based regulatory regime.

According to the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, PRC domestic companies that seek to offer and list securities in overseas markets, either in direct or indirect means, are required to fulfill the filing procedure with the CSRC and report relevant information. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures provides that an overseas listing or offering is explicitly prohibited, if any of the following: (i) such securities offering and listing is explicitly prohibited by provisions in laws, administrative regulations and relevant state rules; (ii) the intended securities offering and listing may endanger national security as reviewed and determined by competent authorities under the State Council in accordance with law; (iii) the domestic company intending to make the securities offering and listing, or its controlling shareholder(s) and the actual controller, have committed relevant crimes such as corruption, bribery, embezzlement, misappropriation of property or undermining the order of the socialist market economy during the latest three years; (iv) the domestic company intending to make the securities offering and listing is currently under investigations for suspicion of criminal offenses or major violations of laws and regulations, and no conclusion has yet been made thereof; or (v) there are material ownership disputes over equity held by the domestic company’s controlling shareholder(s) or by other shareholder(s) that are controlled by the controlling shareholder(s) and/or actual controller.

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The Overseas Listing Trial Measures also provides that if the issuer both meets the following criteria, the overseas securities offering and listing conducted by such issuer will be deemed as indirect overseas offering by PRC domestic companies: (i) 50% or more of any of the issuer’s operating revenue, total profit, total assets or net assets as documented in its audited consolidated financial statements for the most recent fiscal year is accounted for by domestic companies; and (ii) the main parts of the issuer’s business activities are conducted in mainland China, or its main place(s) of business are located in mainland China, or the majority of senior management staff in charge of its business operations and management are PRC citizens or have their usual place(s) of residence located in mainland China. Where an issuer submits an application for initial public offering to competent overseas regulators, such issuer must file with the CSRC within three business days after such application is submitted. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures also requires subsequent reports to be filed with the CSRC on material events, such as change of control or voluntary or forced delisting of the issuer(s) who have completed overseas offerings and listings.

At a press conference held for these new regulations, officials from the CSRC clarified that the domestic companies that have already been listed overseas on or before the effective date of the Overseas Listing Trial Measures (i.e. March 31, 2023) shall be deemed as existing issuers, or the Existing Issuers. Existing Issuers are not required to complete the filling procedures immediately, and they shall be required to file with the CSRC when subsequent matters such as refinancing are involved. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures also provides that subsequent securities offerings of an issuer in the same overseas market where it has previously offered and listed securities shall be filed with the CSRC within three business days after the offering is completed.

In accordance with the foregoing, we will be required to complete the filing procedure under the Overseas Listing Trial Measures for our subsequent securities offerings, including any issuance under the Standby Equity Purchase Agreement with YA II PN, LTD. and the Shanxi Donghui Agreement. As the Overseas Listing Trial Measures was newly published and there is uncertainty with respect to the filing requirements and their implementation, the Company cannot be sure that it will be able to complete such filing in a timely manner or at all. Any failure or perceived failure by the Company to comply with such filing requirements under the Overseas Listing Trial Measures may result in forced rectification, warnings and fines against the Company, and could materially hinder its ability to consummate any subsequent securities offerings.

On February 24, 2023, the CSRC, the Ministry of Finance, the National Administration of State Secrets Protection and the National Archives Administration released the revised Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, or the Archives Rules, which became effective on March 31, 2023. The Archives Rules regulate both overseas direct offerings and overseas indirect offerings, providing that, among other things: (i) in relation to the overseas listing activities of PRC enterprises, the PRC enterprises are required to strictly comply with the relevant requirements on confidentiality and archives management, establish a sound confidentiality and archives system, and take necessary measures to implement their confidentiality and archives management responsibilities; (ii) during the course of an overseas offering and listing, if a PRC enterprise needs to publicly disclose or provide to securities companies or securities service providers and overseas regulators, any materials that contain relevant state secrets, government work secrets or information that has a sensitive impact(i.e. be detrimental to national security or the public interest if divulged), the PRC enterprise should complete the relevant approval/filing and other regulatory procedures; and (iii) working papers produced in the PRC by securities companies and securities service providers, which provide PRC enterprises with securities services during their overseas issuance and listing, should be stored in the PRC, and competent PRC authorities must approve the transmission of all such working papers to recipients outside the PRC.

Any failure or perceived failure by the Company to comply with the Archives Rules and the confidentiality requirements and other PRC laws and regulations may result in the Company being held legally liable by competent authorities.

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In addition, we cannot assure you that any new rules or regulations promulgated in the future will not impose additional requirements on us. Any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining required approvals or completing required filing procedures for our offshore offerings, or a rescission of any such approval or filing if obtained by us, would subject us to sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities for failure to seek CSRC approval or filing or other government authorization for our offshore offerings. These regulatory authorities may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, limit our operating privileges in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from our offshore offerings into China or take other actions that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, as well as the trading price of our listed securities. The CSRC or other PRC regulatory authorities also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt our offshore offerings before settlement and delivery of the shares offered. Consequently, if investors engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, they do so at the risk that settlement and delivery may not occur. In addition, if the CSRC or other regulatory authorities later promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain their approvals or accomplish the required filing or other regulatory procedures for our prior offshore offerings, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements, if and when procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any uncertainties or negative publicity regarding such approval requirement could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, reputation, and the trading price of our listed securities.

Risks Relating to Our ADSs and Shares

The trading price of our ADSs may be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to you.

The trading price of our ADSs has been volatile and has fluctuated significantly since our ADSs started to trade on the Nasdaq Global Market on June 25, 2021. Volatility in trading price can result from broad market and industry factors, like the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other companies with business operations located mainly in China that have listed their securities in the United States. A number of Chinese companies have listed or are in the process of listing their securities on U.S. stock markets. The securities of some of these companies have experienced significant volatility, including price declines in connection with their initial public offerings. The trading price of our ADSs can be volatile and fluctuate widely in response to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Such factors include:

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In addition, the stock market in general, and the market prices for internet-related companies and companies with operations in China in particular, have experienced volatility that often has been unrelated to the operating performance of such companies. The securities of some China-based companies that have listed their securities in the United States have experienced significant volatility since their initial public offerings in recent years, including, in some cases, substantial declines in the trading prices of their securities. The trading performances of these companies’ securities after their offerings may affect the attitudes of investors towards Chinese companies listed in the United States in general, which consequently may impact the trading performance of our ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, any negative news or perceptions about inadequate corporate governance practices or fraudulent accounting, corporate structure or other matters of other Chinese companies may also negatively affect the attitudes of investors towards Chinese companies in general, including us, regardless of whether we have engaged in any inappropriate activities. In particular, the COVID-19 pandemic, the ensuing economic recessions and deterioration in the credit market in many countries have contributed and may continue to contribute to extreme volatility in the global stock markets. These broad market and industry fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our ADSs. Volatility or a lack of positive performance in our ADS price may also adversely affect our ability to retain key employees with equity incentives.

Our ADSs may be delisted from the Nasdaq Global Market as a result of our failure of meeting the Nasdaq Global Market continued listing requirements.

Our ADSs are currently listed on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “MF.” We must continue to meet the requirements set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450 to remain listing on the Nasdaq Global Market. The listing standards of the Nasdaq Global Market provide that a company, in order to qualify for continued listing, must maintain a minimum ADS price of US$1.00 and satisfy standards relative to minimum shareholders’ equity, minimum market value of publicly held shares, and various additional requirements.

In May 2022, we received a letter dated May 19, 2022 from the Listing Qualifications Department of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC, or the Listing Qualifications Department, notifying us that (i) we were not in compliance with the continued listing requirements set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1) because we did not timely file our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, (ii) the due date for us to submit a plan to regain compliance is July 18, 2022, and (iii) if the Nasdaq accepts the compliance plan, the applicable cure period for us to regain compliance expires on November 14, 2022. We submitted our plan to regain compliance as required to the Listing Qualifications Department on July 15, 2022 and filed this annual report on November 14, 2022.

In June 2022, we received another letter dated June 2, 2022 from the Listing Qualifications Department, notifying us that (i) we were below compliance standards due to the trading price of our ADSs set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1), and (ii) the applicable cure period for us to regain compliance expires on November 29, 2022 (inclusive). In October 2022, we received a notification letter dated October 31, 2022 from the Listing Qualifications Department, notifying us that we have regained compliance with the continued listing standards for trading price of our ADSs set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1).

In December 2022, we received a letter dated December 5, 2022 from the Listing Qualifications Department notifying us that (i) we no longer satisfied the $10 million stockholders’ equity requirement for continued listing on The Nasdaq Global Market, as set forth in the Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(b)(1)(A), or the Stockholders’ Equity Rule, and that (ii) we were granted a 45-day period, through January 19, 2023, to submit a plan to regain compliance with that requirement or one of the alternative listing standards. After we submitted our compliance plan on January 19, 2023, the Listing Qualifications Department granted us an extension to regain compliance with that requirement, through June 5, 2023. We did not regain compliance with the stockholders’ equity requirement by June 5, 2023. As a result, in June 2023, we received a letter dated June 6, 2023 from the Listing Qualifications Department, notifying us that the Listing Qualifications Department had determined to delist our ADSs from Nasdaq unless we timely requests a hearing before the Nasdaq Hearing Panel, or the Panel.

In May 2023, we received a letter dated May 18, 2023 from the Listing Qualifications Department, notifying us that (i) we were not in compliance with the continued listing requirements set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1) because we did not timely file our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. The Listing Qualifications Department’s June 6, 2023 letter indicated that we should address the concern of filing delinquency with the Panel. In June 2023, we received another letter dated June 14, 2023 from the Listing Qualifications Department, notifying us that (i) we were below compliance standards due to the trading price of our ADSs set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1), and (ii) the applicable cure period for us to regain compliance expires on December 12, 2023.

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On June 13, 2023, we requested a hearing before the Panel pursuant to the Listing Qualifications Department’s June 6, 2023 letter and we presented our plan to remedy our deficiencies to the Panel on August 3, 2023. However, there can be no assurance that the Panel will grant our request for continued listing or that we will be able to evidence compliance with the applicable listing criteria within any extension of time that may be granted by the Panel following the hearing.

However, even if we regain compliance with the continued listing standards for the Stockholders’ Equity Rule or the alternative criteria, there can be no assurance that we will maintain our compliance with the continued listing requirements set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1) or Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1), or any other listing standards of the Nasdaq Global Market in the future. We cannot guarantee that our ADSs will be eligible for trading on any such alternative exchanges or markets in the United States. If the Nasdaq Global Market determines to delist our Class B ordinary shares, or if we fail to list our ADSs on other stock exchanges or find alternative trading venue for our ADSs, the market liquidity and the price of our ADSs and our ability to obtain financing for our operations could be materially and adversely affected. As a result, holders of our Class B ordinary shares and ADSs could find it difficult to sell their shares.

In addition, if our ADSs are delisted from the Nasdaq Global Market at some later date, we may apply to have our ADSs quoted in the OTC Markets, otherwise they would automatically begin quotation or in the “pink sheets” maintained by the National Quotation Bureau, Inc. The OTC Markets and the “pink sheets” are less efficient markets than the Nasdaq Global Market. In addition, if our ADSs are delisted from the Nasdaq Global Market, our ADSs may be subject to the “penny stock” regulations. These rules impose additional sales practice requirements on broker-dealers that sell low-priced securities to persons other than established customers and institutional accredited investors and require the delivery of a disclosure schedule explaining the nature and risks of the penny stock market. As a result, the ability or willingness of broker-dealers to sell or make a market in our ADSs might decline and it is likely that the price of our ADSs would decline and that holders of our Class B ordinary shares and ADSs would find it difficult to sell their shares.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding our ADSs, the market price for our ADSs and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our ADSs will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If research analysts do not establish and maintain adequate research coverage or if one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our ADSs or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the market price for our ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which, in turn, could cause the market price or trading volume for our ADSs to decline.

The concentration of our share among executive officers, directors, and principal shareholders and their affiliated entities will likely limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transaction that holders of our Class B ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial.

As of June 30, 2023, our executive officers, directors, principal shareholders and their affiliated entities together beneficially owned approximately 26.9% of our total outstanding ordinary shares. As a result of the concentration of ownership, these shareholders will have considerable influence over matters such as decisions regarding mergers and consolidations, amendments to our constitutional documents, election of directors and other significant corporate actions. Such shareholders may take actions that are not in the best interest of us or our other shareholders. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could have the effect of depriving our other shareholders of the opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and may reduce the price of our ADSs. This concentrated control will limit your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transactions that holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial.

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Our dual-class voting structure limits your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any change of control transactions that holders of our Class B ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial.

Our authorized share capital is divided into Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares (with certain shares remaining undesignated, with power for our directors to designate and issue such classes of shares as they think fit). Holders of Class B ordinary shares are entitled to one vote per share, while holders of Class A ordinary shares are entitled to twenty votes per share. Each Class A ordinary share is convertible into one Class B ordinary share at any time by the holder thereof, while Class B ordinary shares are not convertible into Class A ordinary shares under any circumstances. The holder of Class A ordinary shares have the ability to control matters requiring shareholders’ approval, including any amendment of our memorandum and articles of association. Any future issuances of Class A ordinary shares may be dilutive to the voting power of holders of Class B ordinary shares. Any conversions of Class A ordinary shares into Class B ordinary shares may dilute the percentage ownership of the existing holders of Class B ordinary shares within their class of ordinary shares. Such conversions may increase the aggregate voting power of the existing holders of Class B ordinary shares. In the event that we have multiple holders of Class A ordinary shares in the future and certain of them convert their Class A ordinary shares into Class B ordinary shares, the remaining holders who retain their Class A ordinary shares may experience increases in their relative voting power.

As of the date of this annual report, Mr. Zheng Xu, our founder, chairman and chief executive officer, and Mr. Bin Zeng, our co-founder, beneficially own all of our issued Class A ordinary shares. On June 7, 2021, Mr. Bin Zeng and Tigerteeth Entity Limited signed an irrevocable proxy and power of attorney, pursuant to which the voting rights of all Class A ordinary shares beneficially owned by Mr. Bin Zeng through Tigerteeth Entity Limited have been irrevocably and fully delegated to Mr. Zheng Xu. As of December 31, 2022, these Class A ordinary shares constituted 12.2% of our total issued and outstanding share capital and 73.6% of the aggregate voting power of our total issued and outstanding share capital due to the disparate voting powers associated with our dual-class share structure. As a result of the dual-class share structure and the concentration of ownership, holders of Class A ordinary shares have considerable influence over matters such as decisions regarding mergers and consolidations, election of directors and other significant corporate actions. Such holders may take actions that are not in the best interest of us or our other shareholders. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company, which could have the effect of depriving our other shareholders of the opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and may reduce the price of our ADSs. This concentrated control limits your ability to influence corporate matters and could discourage others from pursuing any potential merger, takeover or other change of control transactions that holders of Class B ordinary shares and ADSs may view as beneficial.

The dual-class structure of our ordinary shares may adversely affect the trading market for our ADSs.

Certain shareholder advisory firms have announced changes to their eligibility criteria for inclusion of shares of public companies on certain indices, including the S&P 500, to exclude companies with multiple classes of shares and companies whose public shareholders hold no more than 5% of total voting power from being added to such indices. In addition, several shareholder advisory firms have announced their opposition to the use of multiple class structures. As a result, the dual class structure of our ordinary shares may prevent the inclusion of our ADSs representing Class B ordinary shares in such indices and may cause shareholder advisory firms to publish negative commentary about our corporate governance practices or otherwise seek to cause us to change our capital structure. Any such exclusion from indices could result in a less active trading market for our ADSs. Any actions or publications by shareholder advisory firms critical of our corporate governance practices or capital structure could also adversely affect the value of our ADSs.

We currently do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future and you must rely on price appreciation of our ADSs for return on your investment

We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to fund the development of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in our ADSs as a source for any future dividend income.

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Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our directors. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands exempted company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account of the company, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid out of share premium if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return on your investment in our ADSs will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of our ADSs. There is no guarantee that our ADSs will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which you purchased the ADSs. You may not realize a return on your investment in our ADSs and you may even lose your entire investment in our ADSs.

Substantial future sales or perceived potential sales of our ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

Sales of a substantial amount of our ADSs in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our ADSs to decline. All ADSs are freely transferable without restriction or additional registration under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act. The remaining ordinary shares issued and outstanding are available for sale, subject to volume and other restrictions as applicable under Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act.

Certain holders of our ordinary shares may cause us to register under the Securities Act the sale of their shares. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in ADSs representing these shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act immediately upon the effectiveness of the registration. Sales of these registered shares in the form of ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

Our memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could have a material adverse effect on the rights of holders of our Class B ordinary shares and the ADSs.

Our memorandum and articles of association contain provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction. Our board of directors has the authority, without further action by our shareholders, to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our Class B ordinary shares, including Class B ordinary shares represented by ADSs. Preferred shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue preferred shares, the price of the ADSs may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of our Class B ordinary shares and the ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

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The voting rights of holders of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and you may not be able to exercise the same rights as our shareholders.

Holders of ADSs do not have the same rights as our shareholders. As a holder of our ADSs, you will not have any direct right to attend general meetings of our shareholders or to cast any votes at such meetings. As an ADS holder, you will only be able to exercise the voting rights carried by the underlying Class B ordinary shares which are represented by your ADSs indirectly by giving voting instructions to the depositary in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Under the deposit agreement, you may vote only by giving voting instructions to the depositary. Upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will try, as far as is practicable, to vote the Class B ordinary shares underlying your ADSs in accordance with your instructions. If we ask for your instructions, then upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will try to vote the underlying Class B ordinary shares in accordance with these instructions. If we do not instruct the depositary to ask for your instructions, the depositary may still vote in accordance with instructions you give, but it is not required to do so. You will not be able to directly exercise your right to vote with respect to the underlying Class B ordinary shares unless you withdraw the shares, and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice of the meeting to withdraw the shares underlying your ADSs and become the registered holder of such shares to allow you to attend the general meeting and to vote directly with respect to any specific matter or resolution to be considered and voted upon at the general meeting. In addition, under our memorandum and articles of association, for the purposes of determining those shareholders who are entitled to attend and vote at any general meeting, our directors may close our register of members and/or fix in advance a record date for such meeting, and such closure of our register of members or the setting of such a record date may prevent you from withdrawing the Class B ordinary shares underlying your ADSs and becoming the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date, so that you would not be able to attend the general meeting or to vote directly. If we ask for your instructions, the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and will arrange to deliver our voting materials to you. We agree to give the depositary notice of shareholder meetings sufficiently in advance of such meetings. Nevertheless, we cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote the underlying Class B ordinary shares represented by your ADSs. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out your voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to direct how the shares underlying your ADSs are voted and you may have no legal remedy if the shares underlying your ADSs are not voted as you requested. In addition, in your capacity as an ADS holder, you will not be able to call a shareholders’ meeting. Except in limited circumstances, the depositary for our ADSs will give us a discretionary proxy to vote the Class B ordinary shares underlying your ADSs if you do not vote at shareholders’ meetings, which could adversely affect your interests.

Under the deposit agreement for the ADSs, if you do not vote, the depositary will give us a discretionary proxy to vote the Class B ordinary shares underlying your ADSs at shareholders’ meetings unless:

The effect of this discretionary proxy is that you cannot prevent the Class B ordinary shares underlying your ADSs from being voted, except under the circumstances described above. This may make it more difficult for ADS holders to influence the management of our company. Holders of our Class B ordinary shares are not subject to this discretionary proxy.

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Your right to participate in any future rights offerings may be limited, which may cause dilution to your holdings.

We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. However, we cannot make rights available to you in the United States unless we register both the rights and the securities to which the rights relate under the Securities Act or an exemption from the registration requirements is available. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not make rights available to you unless both the rights and the underlying securities to be distributed to ADS holders are either registered under the Securities Act or exempt from registration under the Securities Act. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective and we may not be able to establish a necessary exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, you may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution in your holdings.

ADSs holders may not receive cash dividends if the depositary decides it is impractical to make them available to ADSs holders.

The depositary will pay cash dividends on the ADSs only to the extent that we decide to distribute dividends on our ordinary shares or other deposited securities, and we do not have any present plan to pay any cash dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. To the extent that there is a distribution, the depositary of our ADSs has agreed to pay to ADSs holders the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on our ordinary shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses. ADSs holders will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of Class B ordinary shares their ADSs represent. However, the depositary may, at its discretion, decide that it is inequitable or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, the depositary may determine that it is not practicable to distribute certain property through the mail, or that the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may decide not to distribute such property to ADSs holders.

ADSs holders may be subject to limitations on transfer of their ADSs.

The ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. The depositary may close its books from time to time for a number of reasons, including in connection with corporate events such as a rights offering, during which time the depositary needs to maintain an exact number of ADS holders on its books for a specified period. The depositary may also close its books in emergencies, and on weekends and public holidays. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deems it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.

An ADS holder’s rights to pursue claims against the depositary as a holder of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement

Under the deposit agreement, any legal suit, action or proceeding against or involving the depositary and/or us brought by holders and beneficial owners of our ADSs or any other person or party arising out of, based upon or relating in any way to the deposit agreement, the ADSs, the ADRs or the transactions contemplated therein or thereby, including, without limitation, claims under the Securities Act of 1933, may be only instituted in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (or (i) in the state courts of New York County in New York if the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York lacks subject matter jurisdiction over a particular dispute or (ii) in the state or federal courts of New York, New York if the designation of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York as the exclusive forum for any particular dispute is, or becomes, invalid, illegal or unenforceable).

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The depositary may, in its sole discretion, require that any dispute or difference arising from the relationship created by the deposit agreement, our shares, the ADSs, or the transactions contemplated thereby be referred to and finally settled by an arbitration conducted under the terms described in the deposit agreement, while to the extent there are specific federal securities law violation aspects to any claims against us and/or the depositary brought by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs, the federal securities law violation aspects of such claims may, at the option of such holders or beneficial owners, remain in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (or (i) in the state courts of New York County in New York if the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York lacks subject matter jurisdiction over a particular dispute or (ii) in the state or federal courts of New York, New York if the designation of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York as the exclusive forum for any particular dispute is, or becomes, invalid, illegal or unenforceable). We believe that a contractual arbitration provision, especially when excluding matters relating to federal securities law violation, is generally enforceable, including under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement.

ADSs holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising under the deposit agreement, which could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.

The deposit agreement governing the ADSs representing our ordinary shares provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial of any claim they may have against us or the depositary arising out of or relating to our shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under the U.S. federal securities laws.

If we or the depositary opposed a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable based on the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with applicable U.S. state and federal law. To our knowledge, the enforceability of a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver in connection with claims arising under the U.S. federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by the United States Supreme Court. However, we believe that a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable, including under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement. In determining whether to enforce a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision, courts will generally consider whether a party knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waived the right to a jury trial. We believe that this is the case with respect to the deposit agreement and the ADSs. It is advisable that ADSs holders consult legal counsel regarding the jury waiver provision before investing in the ADSs.

If any holders or beneficial owners of ADSs bring a claim against us or the depositary in connection with matters arising under the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including claims under U.S. federal securities laws, such holder or beneficial owner may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims, which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us and/or the depositary, lead to increased costs to bring a claim, limited access to information and other imbalances of resources between ADS holders and us, or limit ADS holders’ ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum they find favorable. If a lawsuit is brought against us and/or the depositary under the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, in which the trial would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may result in different outcomes than a trial by jury would have had, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiff(s) in any such action. Also, we may amend or terminate the deposit agreement without ADS holders’ consent. If ADS holders continue to hold their ADSs after an amendment to the deposit agreement, they agree to be bound by the deposit agreement as amended.

If we or the depositary were to oppose a jury trial demand based on such waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable in the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with applicable state and federal law, including whether a party knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waived the right to a jury trial.

Nevertheless, if this jury trial waiver provision is not enforced, to the extent a court action proceeds, it would proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs or by us or the depositary of compliance with any substantive provision of the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

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We may amend the deposit agreement without consent from holders of ADSs and, if such holders disagree with our amendments, their choices will be limited to selling the ADSs or withdrawing the underlying Class B ordinary shares.

We may agree with the depositary to amend the deposit agreement without consent from holders of ADSs. At the time an amendment becomes effective, ADS holders are considered, by continuing to hold their ADSs, to have agreed to the amendment and to be bound by the amended deposit agreement. If holders of ADSs do not agree with an amendment to the deposit agreement, their choices will be limited to selling the ADSs or withdrawing the underlying Class B ordinary shares. No assurance can be given that a sale of ADSs could be made at a price satisfactory to the holder in such circumstances.

Our liability and the liability of the depositary under the deposit agreement is limited.

The deposit agreement expressly limits our obligations and the obligations of the depositary. The depositary is only obligated to take the actions specifically set forth in the deposit agreement without gross negligence or willful misconduct. The deposit agreement also limits our liability and the liability of the depositary. The depositary and any of its agents also disclaim any liability under various circumstances.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands with limited liability. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands, which we refer to as the Companies Act, and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by our minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records (other than copies of our memorandum and articles of association and register of mortgages and charges, and any special resolutions passed by our shareholders) or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Under Cayman Islands law, the names of our current directors can be obtained from a search conducted at the Registrar of Companies. Our directors have discretion under our memorandum and articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States. For a discussion of significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Act and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and their shareholders, see “Item 10. Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Articles of Association—Differences in Corporate Law.”

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Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company and substantially all of our assets are located outside of the United States. All of our current operations are conducted in China. In addition, many of our current directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. Substantially all of the assets of these persons may be located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers.

Forum selection provisions in our memorandum and articles of association and our deposit agreement with the depositary bank could limit the ability of holders of our Class B ordinary shares, ADSs, or other securities to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us, our directors and officers, the depositary bank, and potentially others.

Our memorandum and articles of association provide that the federal district courts of the United States are the exclusive forum within the United States (or, if the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York lacks subject matter jurisdiction over a particular dispute, the state courts in New York County, New York) for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising out of or relating in any way to the federal securities laws of the United States, regardless of whether such legal suit, action, or proceeding also involves parties other than us. Our deposit agreement with the depositary bank also provides that any state or federal court in New York, New York will have jurisdiction to hear and determine any legal suit, action or proceeding against or involving us brought by the depositary arising out of, based upon, or relating in any way to the deposit agreement, the ADSs, the ADRs or the transactions contemplated therein or thereby, and we irrevocably waive any objection that we may now or hereafter have to the laying of venue of any such proceeding and irrevocably submits to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of such courts in any such suit, action or proceeding. Holders and beneficial owners of our ADSs, by holding an ADS or an interest therein, understand and irrevocably agree that any legal suit, action, or proceeding against or involving us and/or the depositary bank arising out of, based upon or relating in any way to the deposit agreement, ADSs, or the transactions contemplated thereby or by virtue of ownership thereof, including without limitation claims under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, may be only instituted in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (or (i) in the state courts of New York County in New York if the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York lacks subject matter jurisdiction over a particular dispute or (ii) in the state or federal courts of New York, New York if the designation of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York as the exclusive forum for any particular dispute is, or becomes, invalid, illegal or unenforceable). However, the enforceability of similar federal court choice of forum provisions has been challenged in legal proceedings in the United States, and it is possible that a court could find this type of provision to be inapplicable, unenforceable, or inconsistent with other documents that are relevant to the filing of such lawsuits. If a court were to find the federal choice of forum provision contained in our memorandum and articles of association or our deposit agreement with the depositary bank to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions. If upheld, the forum selection clause in our memorandum and articles of association, as well as the forum selection provisions in the deposit agreement, may limit a security-holder’s ability to bring a claim against us, our directors and officers, the depositary bank, and potentially others in his or her preferred judicial forum, and this limitation may discourage such lawsuits. In addition, the Securities Act provides that both federal and state courts have jurisdiction over suits brought to enforce any duty or liability under the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Accepting or consent to this forum selection provision does not constitute a waiver by you of compliance with federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. You may not waive compliance with federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. The exclusive forum provision in our memorandum and articles of association will not operate so as to deprive the courts of the Cayman Islands from having jurisdiction over matters relating to our internal affairs.

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.

Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:

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We are required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our results on a quarterly basis as press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

As an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the Nasdaq Stock Market’s corporate governance requirements; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the Nasdaq Stock Market’s corporate governance requirements.

As a Cayman Islands exempted company listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market, we are subject to the Nasdaq Stock Market’s corporate governance listing standards. However, the Nasdaq Stock Market’s rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the Nasdaq Stock Market corporate governance listing standards. In December 2021, we relied on our home country practice exemption with respect to the requirement for shareholder approval for stock option plans or other equity compensation arrangements and did not seek shareholder approval for the adoption of the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan. In March 2022, we also relied on our home country practice exemption with respect to the requirement for shareholder approval for transactions other than public offerings and did not seek shareholder approval for a Standby Equity Purchase Agreement we entered in to with YA II PN to sell up to US$300 million of our Class B ordinary shares. In September 2022, we also relied on home country practice exemption with respect to the requirement of having an audit committee composed a minimum of three members. In December 2022, we relied on home country practice exemption with respect to the requirement of holding an annual general meeting of shareholders no later than one year after the end of its fiscal year-end. In August 2023, we also relied on our home country practice exemption with respect to the requirement for shareholder approval for transactions other than public offerings and did not seek shareholder approval for the share purchase agreements we entered in with two investors to issue 5,400,000,000 of our Class B ordinary shares at an aggregate purchase price of US$27.0 million. We may choose to follow additional home country practices in the future. As a result, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they would otherwise enjoy under the Nasdaq Stock Market’s corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

We are a “controlled company” as defined under the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules and, as a result, will qualify for, and intend to rely on, exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements.

As of the date of this annual report, we are a “controlled company” as defined under the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules because Mr. Zheng Xu, the chairman of our board of directors and our chief executive officer, holds more than 50% of our total voting power. As a “controlled company,” we are permitted to elect to rely on certain exemptions from corporate governance rules, including:

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Currently, we do not plan to rely on the foregoing exemptions from the applicable corporate governance requirements. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—A. Directors and Senior Management.” However, if we choose to rely on these exemptions in the future, our shareholders may be afforded less protections than they otherwise would under rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

There can be no assurance that we will not be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders of our ADSs or ordinary shares.

A non-U.S. corporation, such as our company, will be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, for any taxable year if either (1) 75% or more of its gross income for such year consists of certain types of “passive” income (the “income test”); or (2) 50% or more of the value of its assets (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) during such year is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income (the “asset test”). Based on the current and anticipated value of our assets and composition of our income and assets, we do not believe that we were a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes, for the taxable year ended December 31, 2022.

There can be no assurance that we will not be or become a PFIC for future taxable years because the determination of whether we are or will become a PFIC for any taxable year is a fact-intensive inquiry made annually that depends, in part, upon the composition of our income and assets. Fluctuations in the market price of our ADSs may cause us to be or become a PFIC for the current or future taxable years because the value of our assets for purposes of the asset test, including the value of our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles, may be determined by reference to the market price of our ADSs from time to time (which may be volatile). In light of recent declines in the market price of our ADSs and the changing nature of our business, our risk of becoming a PFIC has increased. The market price of our ADSs may continue to fluctuate considerably and, consequently, we cannot assure you of our PFIC status for any taxable year. Furthermore, the composition of our income and assets may also be affected by how, and how quickly, we use our liquid assets.

If we were to be or become a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States Federal Income Tax Considerations”) holds our ADSs or ordinary shares, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to such U.S. Holder. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States Federal Income Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.”

We may incur increased costs as a result of being a public company, particularly after we ceased to qualify as an “emerging growth company.”

We are now a public company and expect to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and the Nasdaq Stock Market, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies. We ceased to qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the JOBS Act as we had no less than US$1.07 billion of gross revenue in our last fiscal year, and we expect to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC. For example, as a result of becoming a public company, we will need to increase the number of independent directors and adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures.

We also expect that operating as a public company will make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. In addition, we may incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. It may also be more difficult for us to find qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate with any degree of certainty the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

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We and certain of our directors and officers have been named as defendants in a putative shareholder class action lawsuit in the United States. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.” The litigation is likely to divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business, which could harm our results of operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit. We may also decide to settle such lawsuits on unfavorable terms, and we may be required to pay significant damages if a claim is successfully made against us, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. We may continue to be subject to lawsuits from time to time in the future, including but not limited to putative class action lawsuits brought by shareholders. Any such litigation, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future.

ITEM 4.INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

We were founded in October 2014. From our inception to June 2017, we operated our on-demand DMW retail business through Beijing Missfresh E-commerce Co., Ltd., or Beijing Missfresh, and its subsidiaries, and we used Beijing Missfresh as our holding company to raise early-stage equity financings.

In April 2015, Missfresh Limited was incorporated in the Cayman Islands, and Missfresh HK Limited was then established by Missfresh Limited as a wholly owned subsidiary in Hong Kong. In July 2015, Qingdao Missfresh E-commerce Co., Ltd., or Qingdao Missfresh, was established by Missfresh HK Limited as a wholly foreign-owned enterprise in the PRC to expand our business in the neighborhood retail industry.

To facilitate financing and offshore listing, we decided to use Missfresh Limited as our offshore holding company and completed a restructuring in June 2017. As part of this restructuring, in June 2017, Missfresh Limited gained control over Beijing Missfresh through Qingdao Missfresh by entering into a series of contractual arrangements with Beijing Missfresh and its shareholders. In December 2018, we terminated the contractual arrangements with Beijing Missfresh and its shareholders as the businesses operated by Beijing Missfresh were no longer prohibited or restricted for foreign ownership under PRC laws and regulations, and then Missfresh HK Limited acquired 100% of the equity interests in Beijing Missfresh. Qingdao Missfresh was dissolved in July 2019 as it no longer engaged in any substantial business activities.

To expand our business in the neighborhood retail industry, we established Beijing Missfresh Bianligou E-Commerce Co., Ltd., or Beijing Bianligou, in August 2017, and further entered into a series of contractual arrangements with Beijing Bianligou and its shareholders in February 2018, through which Jinan Missfresh Bianligou Network Technology Co., Ltd., or Jinan Bianligou, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise in the PRC established by Mrfresh HK Limited through Mrfresh Limited, our subsidiary in Hong Kong, in January 2018, effectively controlled Beijing Bianligou. In May 2019, Missfresh HK Limited acquired 100% of the equity interests in Jinan Bianligou as a result of our business and equity restructuring. In December 2020, we terminated the contractual arrangements with Beijing Bianligou and its shareholders as the businesses operated by Beijing Bianligou were no longer prohibited or restricted for foreign ownership under PRC laws and regulations, and Missfresh HK Limited acquired 100% of the equity interests in Beijing Bianligou. In August 2022, we entered into a business and asset transfer agreement to sell our business and assets relating to “convenience go” vending machine business, including all assets and patents owned by Beijing Bianligou, Jinan Bianligou and other related subsidiaries, to a third party for an aggregate consideration of up to RMB18.0 million in cash. As of the date of this annual report, the purchaser of this transaction has paid RMB4.8 million in cash to us and also paid RMB3.2 million directly to our suppliers and employees for paying off our accounts payable and accrued expenses, and this transaction contemplated under such business and asset transfer agreement has not been closed.

To further expand our business in the neighborhood retail industry, Changshu Missfresh E-Commerce Co., Ltd., or Changshu Missfresh, was established in January 2020 and a new Qingdao Missfresh E-Commerce Co., Ltd. was established in January 2021 by Missfresh HK Limited as wholly foreign-owned enterprises in the PRC.

To launch our intelligent fresh market business operations, Changshu Daily Technology Co., Ltd. was established in August 2020 and Qingdao Daily Market Technology Co., Ltd. was established in November 2020, both of which are currently Missfresh HK Limited’s wholly foreign-owned enterprises in the PRC.

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In May 2022, we received a letter dated May 19, 2022 from the Listing Qualifications Department of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC, or the Listing Qualifications Department, notifying us that (i) we were not in compliance with the continued listing requirements set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1) because we did not timely file our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, (ii) the due date for us to submit a plan to regain compliance is July 18, 2022, and (iii) if the Nasdaq accepts the compliance plan, the applicable cure period for us to regain compliance expires on November 14, 2022. We submitted our plan to regain compliance as required to the Listing Qualifications Department on July 15, 2022.

In June 2022, we received another letter dated June 2, 2022 from the Listing Qualifications Department, notifying us that (i) we were below compliance standards due to the trading price of our ADSs set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1), and (ii) the applicable cure period for us to regain compliance expires on November 29, 2022.

In July 2022, we adopted significant adjustments to our business strategy for sustainability, including the shutdown of our on-demand DMW retail business and staff optimization. Subsequently, we also decided to shut down the Next-Day Delivery BU. These idled businesses contributed approximately 90% of our total net revenue for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022. As of the date of this annual report, it is still uncertain if and when we will restart the on-demand DMW retail business.

Effective October 17, 2022, we effected a change of the ratio of the ADS to our Class B ordinary shares from one ADS representing three Class B ordinary share to one ADS representing ninety Class B ordinary shares. Currently, each ADS represents ninety Class B ordinary shares. The change in the ratio of the ADS to our Class B ordinary shares had no impact on our underlying Class B ordinary shares, and no Class B ordinary shares were issued or cancelled in connection with the change in the ratio of the ADS to our Class B ordinary shares. Unless otherwise indicated, ADSs and per ADS amount in this annual report have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the changes in ratio for all periods presented.

In October 2022, we received a notification letter dated October 31, 2022 from the Listing Qualifications Department, notifying us that we have regained compliance with the Nasdaq continued listing standards for trading price of our ADSs set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1).

In December 2022, we received a letter dated December 5, 2022 from the Listing Qualifications Department, notifying us that (i) we no longer satisfied the $10 million stockholders’ equity requirement for continued listing on The Nasdaq Global Market, as set forth in the Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(b)(1)(A), or the Stockholders’ Equity Rule, and that (ii) we were granted a 45-day period, through January 19, 2023, to submit a plan to regain compliance with that requirement or one of the alternative listing standards. After we submitted our compliance plan on January 19, 2023, the Listing Qualifications Department granted us an extension to regain compliance with that requirement, through June 5, 2023. We failed to regain compliance with the stockholders’ equity requirement by June 5, 2023. As a result, we received a letter dated June 6, 2023 from the Listing Qualifications Department, notifying us that the Listing Qualifications Department had determined to delist our ADSs from Nasdaq unless we timely requests a hearing before the Nasdaq Hearing Panel.

In May 2023, we received a letter dated May 18, 2023 from the Listing Qualifications Department, notifying us that we were not in compliance with the continued listing requirements set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5250(c)(1) because we did not timely file our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. The Listing Qualifications Department’s June 6, 2023 letter indicated that we should address the concern of filing delinquency with the Nasdaq Hearing Panel. In June 2023, we received another letter dated June 14, 2023 from the Listing Qualifications Department, notifying us that (i) we were below compliance standards due to the trading price of our ADSs set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1), and (ii) the applicable cure period for us to regain compliance expires on December 12, 2023.

On June 13, 2023, we requested a hearing before the Nasdaq Hearing Panel pursuant to the Listing Qualifications Department’s June 6, 2023 letter and we presented our plan to remedy our deficiencies to the Panel on August 3, 2023. However, there can be no assurance that the Nasdaq Hearing Panel will grant our request for continued listing or that we will be able to evidence compliance with the applicable listing criteria within any extension of time that may be granted by the Panel following the hearing.

As part of our further business strategy adjustment, we terminated the intelligent fresh market business and the retail cloud business in March 2023.

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In August 2023, we entered into two share purchase agreements with two investors. Under one of the share purchase agreements, the investor agrees to subscribe 3,000,000,000 Class B ordinary shares of our company at a purchase price of US$15.0 million, subject to the satisfaction of certain closing conditions, and the transaction is planned to be closed within two business days after the signing of the share purchase agreement. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any payment under this share purchase agreement. Under the other share purchase agreement, the investor agrees to subscribe 2,400,000,000 Class B ordinary shares of our company at a purchase price of US$12.0 million, subject to the satisfaction of certain closing conditions, and the transaction is planned to be closed within 45 business days after the satisfaction or waiver of closing conditions or at such other time agreed in writing by the relevant parties. As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any payment under this share purchase agreement. Both investors have agreed to irrevocably and fully delegate the voting rights of all shares issued pursuant to corresponding share purchase agreements to Mr. Zheng Xu, our chairman of the board of directors and chief executive officer. Subsequent to the entry of these share purchase agreements in August 2023, we entered into another share purchase agreement with Mejoy Infinite Limited and its shareholder to purchase all ordinary shares of Mejoy Infinite Limited held by its shareholder at a total consideration of US$12.0 million in cash. Upon the closing of this acquisition, Mejoy Infinite Limited will become one of our wholly owned subsidiaries and we will start to provide customized digital marketing solutions and services by leveraging our extensive market know-how on the online marketing and the ecommerce industry. We will help our clients deliver their online marketing campaigns to engage their target customers and facilitate a higher growth of our clients’ businesses. As of the date of this annual report, this acquisition has not been closed. Furthermore, we are also planning to consummate a debt restructuring. We are exposed to risks associated with the potential debt restructuring. For more details, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—We are exposed to risks associated with the potential debt restructuring.”

Our principal executive offices are located at 3rd Floor, Block A, Vanke Times Center, No. 9 Wangjing Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100016, the People’s Republic of China. Our telephone number is +86 10 8177 3988. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at the offices of Maples Corporate Services Limited, P.O. Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Cogency Global Inc., located at 122 East 42nd Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10168. Investors should contact us for any inquiries through our address and telephone number.

The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC on www.sec.gov. You can also find information on our website ir.missfresh.cn. The information contained on our website is not a part of this annual report.

We are an innovator in China’s neighborhood retail industry. Our businesses started in October 2014 by launching on-demand DMW retail business. To further digitalize the neighborhood retail industry end-to-end, we launched our intelligent fresh market business in the second half of 2020 and started our retail cloud business initiative in 2021. Since July 2022, we have adopted a series of significant adjustments to our business strategy for sustainability, including the shutdown of our on-demand DMW retail business, staff optimization, the shutdown of the Next-Day Delivery BU, the termination of our intelligent fresh market business and our retail cloud business. For more detailed information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—We adopted significant business strategy adjustments in July 2022 and continued to make business strategy adjustments since then. These business strategy adjustments may not be successful ultimately.”

We were a pioneer in on-demand DMW retail, offering hourly delivery of high-quality grocery from our technology-enabled DMWs to consumers’ doorsteps. Most goods on our “Missfresh” mobile application and mini program were directly sourced and individually managed to ensure high quality and safety standards. Our on-demand DMW retail business was powered by our AI-powered, end-to-end Retail AI Network, which focused on direct procurement and quality standardization, covering the entire value chain from origin, quality control centers and DMWs to consumers, ensuring the high quality of our products.

We prioritized building Retail AI Network, our proprietary technology platform, with our technology and data-driven mindset to improve user experience, optimize operational efficiency and increase scale. After over five years of iteration, in 2021, our proprietary Retail AI Network automated over 90% of the decisions in inventory replenishment, procurement and promotional pricing.

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We pioneered the intelligent fresh market business model. Our intelligent fresh market business aimed to optimize the fresh market shopping experience without detracting from fresh market’s unique appeal. We converted fresh markets into smart fresh malls by (i) reconfiguring the floor plan, improving the business mix and introducing new service offerings; (ii) providing merchants with SaaS-based service package including electronic payment, online marketing, CRM tools and business planning, and (iii) through our SaaS-based service packages, helping merchants at our intelligent fresh markets manage offline private traffic and realize additional monetization. We generated revenue from rent collected from individual merchants, annual fee or commission based on gross merchandise volume of our intelligent Merchant SaaS product, commission fees collected from online e-commerce business and other value added services. As part of our further business strategy adjustment, we terminated our intelligent fresh market business in March 2023.

We platformized our pioneering business model and proprietary Retail AI Network through our retail cloud business initiative. We provided business partners and other enterprises with by providing business partners and other enterprises with digitalized operations, omni channel operations capabilities and smart merchandising. As part of our further business strategy adjustment, we terminated our retail cloud business in March 2023.

Our total net revenues increased from RMB6,130.4 million in 2020 to RMB6,951.5 million in 2021, and decreased to RMB2,761.3 million (US$400.4 million) in 2022. We incurred a net loss of RMB1,649.2 million, RMB3,849.8 million and RMB1,523.6 million (US$220.9 million) in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively.

In the future, we plan to focus on providing digital marketing solutions services and the private label product retail business, leveraging our extensive market know-how on the ecommerce industry and the grocery supply chain. To achieve this goal, in January 2023, we launched our private label products to meet the emerging needs of consumers. However, it is uncertain whether our business strategy adjustments will be successful ultimately. For the relevant uncertainties and risks, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—We adopted significant business strategy adjustments in July 2022 and continued to make business strategy adjustments since then. These business strategy adjustments may not be successful ultimately.”

Our On-Demand DMW Retail Business

In 2021, our on-demand DMW retail business generated revenue from sales of groceries on our “Missfresh” mobile application and mini program. Before the shutdown of our on-demand DMW retail business, we once offered on-demand delivery of more than 5,000 SKUs of our individually managed products from our strategically located neighborhood DMWs to consumers in 36 minutes on average. We relied on smart supply chain, smart logistics, and smart sales & marketing systems in our proprietary Retail AI Network. Finally, our online and offline operations were fully integrated as we operated the end-to-end value chain of neighborhood grocery retail, allowing us to meet consumer needs for speedy delivery of quality products.

Historically, fresh produce sales had been a major component, but over the years we expanded our offerings to include more SKUs with a more diversified portfolio of products. As previously disclosed in the Form 6-K furnished with the SEC on July 29, 2022, we had to adopt significant adjustments to our business strategy for sustainability, including a shutdown of our on-demand DMW retail business and staff optimization.

Our New Business Initiatives

We adjusted our business strategy and plan to focus on providing digital marketing solutions services and the private label product retail business, leveraging our extensive market know-how on the grocery supply chain. To achieve this goal, in January 2023, we launched our private label products, which focusing on high protein food, such as beef to meet the emerging needs of customers. We have entered into cooperation agreements with some third-party e-commerce platforms, such as JD, to sell our private label products to consumers on these platforms.

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In August 2023, we entered into a share purchase agreement with Mejoy Infinite Limited and its shareholder to purchase all ordinary shares of Mejoy Infinite Limited held by its shareholder at a total consideration of US$12.0 million in cash (the “Share Purchase Agreement for Business Acquisition”). Pursuant to the Share Purchase Agreement for Business Acquisition, the closing of transactions contemplated thereunder should happen within 45 business days after the satisfaction or waiver of closing conditions or at such other time agreed in writing by the relevant parties. Upon the closing of the Share Purchase Agreement for Business Acquisition, we will start to provide customized digital marketing solutions and services by leveraging our extensive market know-how on the online marketing and the ecommerce industry. We will help our clients deliver their online marketing campaigns to engage their target customers and facilitate a higher growth of our clients’ businesses. As of the date of this annual report, the transactions contemplated pursuant to the Share Purchase Agreement for Business Acquisition have not been closed yet.

Our Intelligent Fresh Market Business

Our intelligent fresh market business aimed to optimize the fresh market shopping experience without detracting from fresh market’s unique appeal. We converted fresh markets into smart fresh malls by (i) reconfiguring the floor plan, improving the business mix and introducing new service offerings; (ii) providing merchants with SaaS-based service package including electronic payment, online marketing, CRM tools and business planning, and (iii) through our SaaS-based service packages, helping merchants at our intelligent fresh markets manage offline private traffic and realize additional monetization. We generated revenue from rent collected from individual merchants, annual fee or commission based on gross merchandise volume of our intelligent Merchant SaaS product, commission fees collected from online e-commerce business and other value-added services. Our participation helped the fresh market merchants further embrace the trend of online and offline integration, digitalization and intelligentization and achieve lower cost and higher operating efficiency. As of December 31, 2022, we had entered into contracts to operate 12 fresh markets in China. As part of our business strategy adjustment, we terminated our intelligent fresh market business in March 2023.

Our Retail Cloud Services Business Initiative

Our technological capacity and infrastructure are naturally appealing to third parties who want to engage in online retail and digital operations. Leveraging the significant scale of our business, cutting-edge Retail AI Network, and AI capabilities from years of operation, we started our retail cloud business initiative in 2021 to provide business partners and other enterprises, starting from supermarkets, with a cloud and AI-based SaaS. To offer value-added services and share resources with different players, our retail cloud SaaS provided business tools to manage all aspects of their businesses, including omni-channel marketing, private traffic, merchandising, supply chain, fulfillment, DMW and operational optimization. As part of our business strategy adjustment, we terminated our retail cloud business in March 2023.

Intellectual Property

We have built a system of intellectual property management, which ensures that all of our technological innovations are copyrighted and protected as intellectual properties. We defend any infringement on our registered trademarks from competitors. In our business contracts, we include intellectual property protection clauses that define intellectual property ownership.

Our trademarks, copyrights, patents, domain names, know-how, proprietary technologies, and similar intellectual property are critical to our development, and we rely on trademark, copyright and patent law and confidentiality, invention assignment and non-compete agreements with our employees and others to protect our proprietary rights.

As of December 31, 2022, we had 177 authorized patents, including 104 inventions, 34 utility models and 39 designs. As of December 31, 2022, we also had 52 computer software copyrights in China relating to various aspects of our operations, 463 trademark registrations in China and 24 trademark registrations outside China. As of December 31, 2022, we had registered 21 domain names, including www.missfresh.cn, among others.

Competition

We anticipate that the neighborhood retail industry will continue to be competitive and keep evolve and will see rapid technological changes, evolving industry standards, shifting consumer requirements, and frequent innovation. We must continually innovate in many aspects to remain competitive, including business strategy, merchandising and execution capabilities and technology infrastructure.

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As we operate in attractive markets with large total addressable market sizes, we or other companies may introduce new business models, innovations, products or services, and we may be subject to additional competition as a result. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—We face intense competition and we may lose market share and consumers if we fail to compete effectively.”

Seasonality

In 2022, we experienced seasonality in our business, reflecting a combination of traditional retail seasonality patterns and new patterns associated with neighborhood retail in particular. For example, we experienced fluctuations in user traffic and purchase orders during weekends, national holidays, promotional seasons such as November 11^th. Overall, the historical seasonality of our business has been relatively mild and may increase further in the future. With our limited operating history, the seasonal trends that we have experienced in the past may not apply to, or be indicative of, our future operating results.

Insurance

We maintain certain insurance policies to safeguard against risks and unexpected events. We provide social security insurance including pension insurance, unemployment insurance and medical insurance for our employees. However, certain of our subsidiaries in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Qingdao, Hangzhou and Tianjin, such as Beijing Missfresh E-Commerce Co., Ltd., Qingdao Missfresh E-Commerce Co., Ltd., Shanghai Missfresh E-Commerce Co., Ltd. And Shenzhen Missfresh E-Commerce Co., Ltd., have applied for extension of the payment for certain social security insurance to the end of December 2023 for certain of our former employees, and such applications have been approved by the relevant government authorities.

We consider our insurance coverage to be adequate, as we have in place all the mandatory insurance policies required by Chinese laws and regulations and in accordance with the commercial practice in our industry.

Regulation

Regulation Related to Corporation and Foreign Investment

The establishment, operation and management of companies in China are mainly governed by the PRC Company Law, which was promulgated by the National People’s Congress on December 29, 1993 and came into effect on July 1, 1994. The PRC Company Law was subsequently amended on December 25, 1999, August 28, 2004, October 27, 2005, December 28, 2013 and October 26, 2018 (the latest revision became effective on October 26, 2018). The PRC Company Law generally governs two types of companies, namely limited liability companies and joint stock limited companies. Both types of companies have the status of legal persons, and the liability of shareholders of a limited liability company or a joint stock limited company is limited to the amount of registered capital they have contributed. The PRC Company Law shall also apply to foreign-invested companies in form of limited liability company or joint stock limited company. Where laws on foreign investment have other stipulations, such stipulations shall apply.

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On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress approved the Foreign Investment Law, and on December 26, 2019, the State Council promulgated the Implementing Rules of the PRC Foreign Investment Law, or the Implementing Rules, to further clarify and elaborate the relevant provisions of the Foreign Investment Law. The Foreign Investment Law and the Implementing Rules both took effect on January 1, 2020 and replaced three major previous laws on foreign investments in China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Law and the Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprise Law, together with their respective implementing rules. Pursuant to the Foreign Investment Law, “foreign investments” refer to investment activities conducted by foreign investors (including foreign natural persons, foreign enterprises or other foreign organizations) directly or indirectly in the PRC, which include any of the following circumstances: (i) foreign investors setting up foreign-invested enterprises in the PRC solely or jointly with other investors, (ii) foreign investors obtaining shares, equity interests, property portions or other similar rights and interests of enterprises within the PRC, (iii) foreign investors investing in new projects in the PRC solely or jointly with other investors, and (iv) investment in other methods as specified in laws, administrative regulations, or as stipulated by the State Council. The Implementing Rules introduce a see-through principle and further provide that foreign-invested enterprises that invest in the PRC shall also be governed by the Foreign Investment Law and the Implementing Rules.

The Foreign Investment Law and the Implementing Rules provide that a system of pre-entry national treatment and negative list shall be applied for the administration of foreign investment, where “pre-entry national treatment” means that the treatment given to foreign investors and their investments at market access stage is no less favorable than that given to domestic investors and their investments, and “negative list” means the special administrative measures for foreign investment’s access to specific fields or industries, which will be proposed by the competent investment department of the State Council in conjunction with the competent commerce department of the State Council and other relevant departments, and be reported to the State Council for promulgation, or be promulgated by the competent investment department or competent commerce department of the State Council after being reported to the State Council for approval. Foreign investment beyond the negative list will be granted national treatment. Foreign investors shall not invest in the prohibited fields as specified in the negative list, and foreign investors who invest in the restricted fields shall comply with the special requirements on the shareholding, senior management personnel, etc. The current industry entry clearance requirements governing investment activities in the PRC by foreign investors are set out in two categories, namely the Special Entry Management Measures (Negative List) for the Access of Foreign Investment (2021 version), or the 2021 Negative List, and Special Entry Management Measures (Negative List) for the Access of Foreign Investment in Pilot Free Trade Zones (2021 Version) especially for the investment activities in the Pilot Free Trade Zones in PRC, which both were promulgated by the NDRC and MOFCOM and took effect on January 1, 2022 and the Encouraged Industry Catalogue for Foreign Investment (2022 version), or the 2022 Encouraged Industry Catalogue, which was promulgated by the NDRC and MOFCOM on October 26, 2022 and took effect on January 1, 2023. Industries not listed in these two categories are generally deemed “permitted” for foreign investment unless specifically restricted by other PRC laws.

According to the Implementing Rules, the registration of foreign-invested enterprises shall be handled by the SAMR or its authorized local counterparts. Where a foreign investor invests in an industry or field subject to licensing in accordance with laws, the relevant competent government department responsible for granting such license shall review the license application of the foreign investor in accordance with the same conditions and procedures applicable to PRC domestic investors unless it is stipulated otherwise by the laws and administrative regulations, and the competent government department shall not impose discriminatory requirements on the foreign investor in terms of licensing conditions, application materials, reviewing steps and deadlines, etc. However, the relevant competent government departments shall not grant the license or permit enterprise registration if the foreign investor intends to invest in the industries or fields as specified in the negative list without satisfying the relevant requirements.

Pursuant to the Foreign Investment Law and the Implementing Rules, and the Information Reporting Measures for Foreign Investment jointly promulgated by MOFCOM and the SAMR, which took effect on January 1, 2020, a foreign investment information reporting system shall be established and foreign investors or foreign-invested enterprises shall report investment information to competent commerce departments of the government through the enterprise registration system and the enterprise credit information publicity system, and the administration for market regulation shall forward the above investment information to the competent commerce departments in a timely manner. In addition, MOFCOM shall set up a foreign investment information reporting system to receive and handle the investment information and inter-departmentally shared information forwarded by the administration for market regulation in a timely manner. The foreign investors or foreign-invested enterprises shall report the investment information by submitting initial reports, change reports, deregistration reports and annual reports, etc.

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Regulation Related to Value-Added Telecommunications Services and Foreign Investment Restrictions

On September 25, 2000, the Telecommunications Regulations of the People’s Republic of China, or the Telecom Regulations, the primary governing law on telecommunication services, were issued by the PRC State Council. The Telecom Regulations were most recently amended and became effective on February 6, 2016. The Telecom Regulations set out the general framework for the provision of telecommunication services by PRC companies. Under the Telecom Regulations, telecommunications service providers are required to procure operating licenses prior to commencing operations.

The Telecom Regulations draw a distinction between “basic telecommunications services” and “value-added telecommunications services.” The Catalog of Telecommunications Business was issued as an attachment to the Telecom Regulations to categorize telecommunications services as basic or value-added. Information services via public communication networks, such as fixed networks, mobile networks and the internet, are classified as value-added telecommunications services.

On March 1, 2009, the MIIT issued the Administrative Measures for Telecommunications Business Operating Permit, or the Telecom Permit Measures, which took effect on April 10, 2009. The Telecom Permit Measures were amended and became effective on September 1, 2017. The Telecom Permit Measures confirm that there are two types of telecom operating licenses for operators in China, namely, licenses for basic telecommunications services and licenses for value-added telecommunications services, or the VATS License. The operating scope of a license describes the permitted activities of the enterprise to which it is granted. An approved telecommunication services operator must conduct its business in accordance with the specifications listed in its VATS License.

On July 13, 2006, the MIIT issued the Circular on Strengthening the Administration of Foreign Investment in and Operation of Value-added Telecommunications Business, or the MIIT Circular, which requires foreign investors to set up foreign-invested enterprises and obtain a VATS License to conduct any value-added telecommunications business in China. Pursuant to the Provisions on Administration of Foreign Invested Telecommunications Enterprises promulgated by the State Council on December 11, 2001 and most recently amended on March 29, 2022, and Notice of Removing the Restrictions on Foreign Equity Ratios in Online Data Processing and Transaction Processing (Operating E-commerce) Business promulgated by MIIT on June 19, 2015, the ultimate foreign equity ownership in a value-added telecommunications services provider may not exceed 50%, except for online data processing and transaction processing businesses (i.e., the e-commerce business) as a type of value-added telecommunications services, which has been allowed to be 100% owned by foreign investors. The Special Administrative Measures for Access of Foreign Investment (Negative List), or the List, promulgated on December 27, 2021 and effective on January 1, 2022, also imposes the 50% restrictions on foreign ownership in value-added telecommunications business, except for operating e-commerce business, domestic multi-party communication, storage-forwarding, and call centers.

Beijing Missfresh E-Commerce Co., Ltd., one of our PRC subsidiaries and the operating entity of our digital platforms, has obtained a VATS License for online data processing and transaction processing business (limited to operating e-commerce) and such VATS License will expire in February 25, 2025.

On June 14, 2022, the Cyberspace Administration of China, or the CAC, promulgated the Administrative Provisions on Mobile Internet Applications Information Services, or the APP Provisions, which replaced its previous version promulgated on June 28, 2016 and became effective on August 1, 2022. Under the APP Provisions, mobile application providers are prohibited from engaging in any activity that may endanger national security, disturb the social order, or infringe the legal rights of third parties, and may not produce, copy, issue or disseminate through internet mobile applications any content prohibited by laws and regulations. The APP Provisions also require application providers to obtain relevant qualifications required by laws and regulations for providing services through such applications.

Furthermore, on December 16, 2016, the MIIT promulgated the Interim Measures on the Administration of Pre-Installation and Distribution of Applications for Mobile Smart Terminals, which took effect on July 1, 2017. It requires, among others, that internet information service providers should ensure that a mobile application, as well as its ancillary resource files, configuration files and user data can be uninstalled by a user on a convenient basis, unless it is a basic function software, which refers to a software that supports the normal functioning of hardware and operating system of a mobile smart device.

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Regulation Related to Online Trading

On August 31, 2018, the National People’s Congress promulgated the PRC E-Commerce Law, which became effective on January 1, 2019, and aims to regulate the e-commerce activities conducted within the territory of the PRC. Pursuant to the E-Commerce Law, (i) sale of goods or provision of services by e-commerce business operators shall comply with the requirements for protection of personal safety and property security and the requirements for environmental protection; goods or services prohibited by laws and regulations from being traded shall not be sold or provided online; (ii) e-commerce business operators shall display, prominently and continuously on their homepage, their business licence information, administrative licensing information relating to their business operation, or hyperlinks of the aforesaid information; (iii) e-commerce business operators collecting and using personal information of their users shall comply with the provisions of laws and regulations on protection of personal information; and (iv) e-commerce business operators bundling goods or services shall highlight prominently to consumers’ attention, and shall not put the bundled goods or services as default option.

An e-commerce business operator may be subject to warnings and fines up to RMB500,000 where it violates the above provisions.

On March 15, 2021, the SAMR has issued the Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Online Transactions, or the Measures for Online Transaction, which took effect on May 1, 2021. Measures for Online Transaction reinforces the operation requirements as provided under the PRC E-Commerce Law and the principles of legality, rationality and necessity in the collection and use of the users’ information and disclosure of the rules, purposes, methods and scopes of collection and use of user information specified in the Cyber Security Law. It also provides that the business operator through online platform (i) shall not use false transactions, fabricated user review etc to conduct false or misleading business promotion, so as to defraud or mislead consumers; (ii) shall not eliminate or restrict competition, damage or ruin the competitor’s reputation; (iii) shall not force consumers to agree with the collection and use of their personal information that is not directly related to such operator’s business activities by means of general authorization, default authorization, bundling with other authorization, termination of installation and use.

Regulation Related to Consumer Protection and Product Quality

The PRC Consumer Protection Law promulgated by the National People’s Congress, which was latest amended on October 25, 2013 and effective on March 15, 2014, sets out the obligations of business operators and the rights and interests of the consumers in China. Pursuant to this law, business operators must guarantee that the commodities they sell satisfy the requirements for personal or property safety, provide consumers with authentic information about the commodities, and guarantee the quality, function, usage and term of validity of the commodities. Failure to comply with the PRC Consumer Protection Law may subject business operators to civil liabilities such as refunding purchase prices, replacement of commodities, repairing, ceasing damages, compensation, and restoring reputation, and even subject the business operators to criminal penalties. Moreover, if business operators deceive consumers, they should not only compensate consumers for their losses, but also pay additional damages equal to three times the price of the goods or services on the demand of consumers. If business operators knowingly provide substandard or defective products or services, causing death or serious damage to the health of consumers or other victims, the victims shall have the right to require compensation for their losses and to claim punitive compensation of not more than two times the amount of losses incurred.

In January 6, 2017, the SAMR promulgated the Interim Measures for Seven-day Unconditional Return of Online Purchased Goods, which became effective on March 15, 2017 and amended on October 23, 2020, to guarantee the implementation of the seven-day unconditional return of goods provided for by PRC Consumer Protection Law, protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers and promote the sound development of E-commerce.

The Product Quality Law promulgated by the National People’s Congress which was latest amended on December 29, 2018 and effective on the same day, applies to all production and sale activities in the PRC. Pursuant to this law, products offered for sale must satisfy relevant quality and safety standards. Enterprises may not produce or sell counterfeit products in any fashion, including forging brand labels or giving false information regarding a product’s manufacturer. Violations of state or industrial standards for health and safety and any other related violations may result in civil liabilities and administrative penalties, such as compensation for damages, fines, suspension or shutdown of business, as well as confiscation of products illegally produced and sold and the proceeds from such sales. Severe violations may subject the responsible individual or enterprise to criminal liabilities. Where a defective product causes physical injury or damage of property, the victim may claim compensation from the manufacturer or from the seller of the product. If the seller pays compensation and it is the manufacturer that should bear the liability, the seller has a right of recourse against the manufacturer. Similarly, if the manufacturer pays compensation and it is the seller that should bear the liability, the manufacturer has a right of recourse against the seller.

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The PRC Agricultural Product Quality Safety Law promulgated by the National People’s Congress which was latest amended on September 2, 2022 and effective on January 1, 2023, and Measures for the Supervision and Administration of Marketing of Edible Agricultural Products promulgated by the State Food and Drug Administration of the PRC on January 5, 2016 and effective on March 1, 2016, both applies to the agricultural production and sale activities in the PRC. Pursuant to these law and measures, agricultural products offered for sale must satisfy relevant quality and safety standards. Enterprises may not produce agricultural products in any areas considered unsuitable for production of certain agricultural products. Violations of state or industrial standards for health and safety and any other related violations may result in civil liabilities and administrative penalties, such as compensation for damages, fines, suspension or shutdown of business, as well as confiscation of agricultural products illegally produced and sold and the proceeds from such sales. Severe violations may subject the responsible individual or enterprise to criminal liabilities. Where a defective product causes physical injury or damage of property, the victim may claim compensation from the agricultural product wholesale market, the manufacturer or the seller of the agricultural product.

Regulation Related to Food Operation

In accordance with the PRC Food Safety Law, promulgated on February 28, 2009 and latest amended on April 29, 2021, and the Implementation Regulations of PRC Food Safety Law, issued on July 20, 2009 and latest amended on October 11, 2019 and effective on December 1, 2019, with the purpose of guaranteeing food safety and safe guarding the health and life safety of the public, the PRC sets up a system of the supervision, monitoring and appraisal on the food safety risks, compulsory adoption of food safety standards. To engage in food production, sale or catering services, the business operators shall obtain a license in accordance with the laws and regulations. Furthermore, the State Council implements strict supervision and administration for special categories of foods such as healthcare food, special formula foods for medical purposes and infant formula. Violations of these law and measures may result in civil liabilities and administrative penalties, such as compensation for damages, fines, suspension or shutdown of business, as well as confiscation of tools, equipment, raw materials and other articles used in the illegal food production or trading, or even criminal penalties.

The Administrative Measures for Food Operation Licensing promulgated by the State Food and Drug Administration of the PRC, or the SFDA, on August 31, 2015 and amended on November 17, 2017 and effective on the same day, regulates the food operation licensing activities, strengthens supervision and management of food operation, and ensures food safety. Food operation operators shall obtain the food operation license, or the Food Operation Permit, for each business venue where they engage in food operation activities. The food operation license is valid for five years. Food operation operators shall properly keep their food operation licenses, and shall not forge, alter, resell, rent, lend, or transfer any food operation licenses. Those who fail to obtain a food operation license and engage in food operation activities shall be punished by the local food and drug administrative authorities at or above the county level according to these measures and PRC Food Safety Law.

In July 2016, the SFDA promulgated the Measures for Investigation and Handling of Illegal Acts Involving Online Food Safety, which was amended on April 2, 2021, pursuant to which a third-party platform provider for online food trading in the PRC shall file a record with the food and drug administration at the provincial level and obtain a filing number. Where an online food trading third-party platform provider fails to complete such filing, the provider may be ordered to make rectifications and given a warning by the competent food and drug administration, and failure to make such rectification may be subject to fines ranging from RMB5,000 to RMB30,000.

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Regulation Related to Advertising

The Advertising Law of the PRC, which was promulgated on October 27, 1994 and recently amended on April 29, 2021, requires that advertisers, advertising operators and advertisement publishers shall ensure that contents of advertisements produced or spread by them are true and totally comply with applicable laws and regulations, and contents of advertisements shall not include, inter alia, information which (i) damages the national dignity or interest, or involves state secrets, (ii) contains such words as “national”, “highest level” and “the best”, and (iii) involves ethnic, racial, religious and gender discrimination. In addition, in providing advertising services, advertising operators and advertisement publishers must review the supporting documents provided by advertisers for advertisements and verify the content of the advertisements. Prior to distributing advertisements that are subject to government censorship and approval, advertising publishers are obligated to verify that such censorship has been performed and approval has been obtained. The release or delivery of advertisements through the internet must not impair the normal use of the network by users. Particularly, advertisements distributed on internet pages such as pop-up advertisements must be indicated with conspicuous mark for close to ensure the close of such advertisements by one click. Where internet information service providers know or should have known that illegal advertisements are distributed using their services, they must prevent such advertisements from being distributed.

The Measures for Administration of Internet Advertising regulating the internet-based advertising activities, were promulgated by on February 25, 2023 and will be effective on May 1, 2023. According to these measures, advertising operators and publishers of internet advertisement must examine, verify and record identity information, such as name, unified social credit code or ID card number, address and contact information, of advertisers, and creating advertisement archives and updating on a regular basis, which shall be kept for at least three years. Moreover, advertising operators and publishers must examine supporting documents provided by advertisers and verify the contents of the advertisements before publishing. If the contents of advertisements are inconsistent with the supporting documents, or the supporting documents are incomplete, advertising operators and publishers must refrain from providing design, production, agency or publishing services. These measures also prohibit publishing and sending advertisements by means of Internet to affect the normal internet access by users; inserting advertisements ranked under competitive bidding in the search results of government service websites, webpages, internet applications, official media accounts etc. Moreover, without the consent or request of users, or with explicit refusal by users, it is not allowed to send internet advertisements to their vehicles, navigation equipment or intelligent home appliances, or to attach advertisements or advertising links to the emails or internet instant messages sent by users. Violation of these regulations may result in penalties, including fines, confiscation of advertising income, orders to cease dissemination of the advertisements and orders to publish an advertisement correcting the misleading information.

Regulation Related to Internet Security and Privacy Protection

On May, 2020, the National People’s Congress of the PRC approved the Civil Code of the PRC, which came into effect on January 1, 2021. Pursuant to the Civil Code of PRC, the personal information of a natural person shall be protected by the law. Any organization or individual that need to obtain personal information of others shall obtain such information legally and ensure the security of such information, and shall not illegally collect, use, process or transmit personal information of others, or illegally purchase, sell, provide or make public personal information of others.

The Decision in Relation to Protection of Internet Security enacted by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China on December 28, 2000, as amended, provides that, among other things, the following activities conducted through the Internet, if constitutes a criminal act under PRC laws, are subject to criminal punishment: (i) hacking into a computer or system of strategic importance; (ii) intentionally inventing and spreading destructive programs such as computer viruses to attack the computer system and the communications network, thus damaging the computer system and the communications networks; (iii) in violation of State regulations, discontinuing the computer network or the communications service without authorization; (iv) leaking state secrets; (v) spreading false commercial information; or (vi) infringing intellectual property rights through the internet.

The Provisions on Technological Measures for Internet Security Protection, or the Internet Security Protection Measures, promulgated on December 13, 2005 by the Ministry of Public Security require internet service providers and organizations that use interconnection to implement technical measures for internet security protection, like technical measures for preventing any matter or act that may endanger network security, e.g., computer viruses, invasion or attacks to or destruction of the network, require all internet access service providers are required to take measures to keep a record of and preserve user registration information. Under these measures, value-added telecommunications services license holders must regularly update information security and content control systems for their websites. If a value-added telecommunications services license holder violates these measures, the Ministry of Public Security and the local security bureaus may revoke its operating license and shut down its websites.

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On November 7, 2016, the National People’s Congress Standing Committee promulgated the Cyber Security Law which came into effect on June 1, 2017 and applies to the construction, operation, maintenance and use of networks as well as the supervision and administration of cybersecurity in China. The Cyber Security Law defines “networks” as systems that are composed of computers or other information terminals and relevant facilities used for the purpose of collecting, storing, transmitting, exchanging and processing information in accordance with certain rules and procedures. “Network operators,” who are broadly defined as owners and administrators of networks and network service providers, are subject to various security protection-related obligations, including: (i) complying with security protection obligations in accordance with tiered cybersecurity system’s protection requirements, which include formulating internal security management rules and manual, appointing cybersecurity responsible personnel, adopting technical measures to prevent computer viruses and cybersecurity endangering activities, adopting technical measures to monitor and record network operation status and cybersecurity events; (ii) formulating cybersecurity emergency response plans, timely handling of security risks, initiating emergency response plans, taking appropriate remedial measures and reporting to regulatory authorities; and (iii) providing technical assistance and support for public security and national security authorities for protection of national security and criminal investigations in accordance with the law. Network service providers who do not comply with the Cyber Security Law may be subject to fines, suspension of their businesses, shutdown of their websites, and revocation of their business licenses. On September 14, 2022, the CAC released the Notice on Seeking Public Comments on the Decision on Amending the Cyber Security Law of the People’s Republic of China (Draft for Public Comments), which would impose more stringent legal liabilities and raise the upper limit of monetary fines for serious violation of the security protection obligations of network operation, network information, critical information infrastructure and personal information under the Cyber Security Law to RMB50 million or 5% of the company’s total sales from the previous year.

Pursuant to the Decision on Strengthening the Protection of Online Information, issued by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress in 2012, and the Order for the Protection of Telecommunication and Internet User Personal Information, issued by the MIIT in 2013, any collection and use of a user’s personal information must be subject to the consent of the user, be legal, rational and necessary and be limited to specified purposes, methods and scopes. An internet information service provider must also keep such information strictly confidential, and is further prohibited from divulging, tampering or destroying any such information, or selling or providing such information to other parties. An internet information service provider is required to take technical and other measures to prevent the collected personal information from any unauthorized disclosure, damage or loss. Any violation of these laws and regulations may subject the internet information service provider to warnings, fines, confiscation of illegal gains, revocation of licenses, cancelation of filings, closedown of websites or even criminal liabilities.

Pursuant to the Notice of the Supreme People’s Court, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate and the Ministry of Public Security on Legally Punishing Criminal Activities Infringing upon the Personal Information of Citizens, issued in 2013, and the Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate on Several Issues regarding Legal Application in Criminal Cases Infringing upon the Personal Information of Citizens, which was issued on May 8, 2017 and took effect on June 1, 2017, the following activities may constitute the crime of infringing upon a citizen’s personal information: (i) providing a citizen’s personal information to specified persons or releasing a citizen’s personal information online or through other methods in violation of relevant national provisions; (ii) providing legitimately collected information relating to a citizen to others without such citizen’s consent (unless the information is processed, not traceable to a specific person and not recoverable); (iii) collecting a citizen’s personal information in violation of applicable rules and regulations when performing a duty or providing services; or (iv) collecting a citizen’s personal information by purchasing, accepting or exchanging such information in violation of applicable rules and regulations.

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With respect to the security of information collected and used by mobile apps, pursuant to the Announcement of Conducting Special Supervision against the Illegal Collection and Use of Personal Information by Apps, which was issued on January 23, 2019, app operators should collect and use personal information in compliance with the Cyber Security Law and should be responsible for the security of personal information obtained from users and take effective measures to strengthen the personal information protection. Furthermore, app operators must not force their users to make authorization by means of bundling, suspending installation or in other default forms and should not collect personal information in violation of laws, regulations or breach of user agreements. Such regulatory requirements were emphasized by the Notice on the Special Rectification of Apps Infringing upon User’s Personal Rights and Interests, which was issued by MIIT on October 31, 2019. On November 28, 2019, the CAC, the MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security and the SAMR jointly issued the Methods of Identifying Illegal Acts of Apps to Collect and Use Personal Information. This regulation further illustrates certain commonly seen illegal practices of apps operators in terms of personal information protection, including “failure to publicize rules for collecting and using personal information”, “failure to expressly state the purpose, manner and scope of collecting and using personal information”, “collection and use of personal information without consent of users of such App”, “collecting personal information irrelevant to the services provided by such app in violation of the principle of necessity”, “provision of personal information to others without users’ consent”, “failure to provide the function of deleting or correcting personal information as required by laws” and “failure to publish information such as methods for complaints and reporting”. Among others, any of the following acts of an app operator will constitute “collection and use of personal information without consent of users”: (i) collecting an user’s personal information or activating the permission for collecting any user’s personal information without obtaining such user’s consent; (ii) collecting personal information or activating the permission for collecting the personal information of any user who explicitly refuses such collection, or repeatedly seeking for user’s consent such that the user’s normal use of such app is disturbed; (iii) any user’s personal information which has been actually collected by the app operator or the permission for collecting any user’s personal information activated by the app operator is beyond the scope of personal information which such user authorizes such app operator to collect; (iv) seeking for any user’s consent in a non-explicit manner; (v) modifying any user’s settings for activating the permission for collecting any personal information without such user’s consent; (vi) using users’ personal information and any algorithms to directionally push any information, without providing the option of non-directed pushing such information; (vii) misleading users to permit collecting their personal information or activating the permission for collecting such users’ personal information by improper methods such as fraud and deception; (viii) failing to provide users with the means and methods to withdraw their permission of collecting personal information; and (ix) collecting and using personal information in violation of the rules for collecting and using personal information promulgated by such app operator.

On June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the Data Security Law, which became effect in September 2021. The Data Security Law provides for data security and privacy obligations on entities and individuals carrying out data activities and introduces a data classification and hierarchical protection system based on the importance of data in economic and social development, as well as the degree of harm it will cause to national security, public interests, or legitimate rights and interests of individuals or organizations when such data is tampered with, destroyed, leaked, or illegally acquired or used. The appropriate level of protection measures is required to be taken for each respective category of data. For example, a processor of important data shall designate the personnel and the management body responsible for data security, carry out risk assessments for its data processing activities and file the risk assessment reports with the competent authorities. In addition, the Data Security Law provides a national security review procedure for those data activities which affect or may affect national security and imposes export restrictions on certain data and information.

On July 30, 2021, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on Security Protection of Critical Information Infrastructures, which took effect on September 1, 2021 and provide that “critical information infrastructures” shall mean any important network facilities or information systems of important industries or fields such as public communication and information service, energy, communications, water conservation, finance, public services, e-government affairs and national defense science, and any other important network facilities or information systems which may endanger national security, people’s livelihood and public interest in case of damage, function loss or data leakage. In addition, relevant administration departments of each critical industry and sector, or Protection Departments, shall be responsible to formulate eligibility criteria and determine the critical information infrastructure operator in the respective industry or field. The operators shall be informed about the final determination as to whether they are categorized as critical information infrastructure operators. The regulations further require critical information infrastructures operators, among others, (i) to report to the competent Protection Departments in a timely manner when the identification result may be affected due to material changes in the critical information infrastructures; (ii) to plan, construct or put into use the security protection measures and the critical information infrastructures simultaneously; and (iii) to report to the competent Protection Departments in a timely manner in the event of merger division or dissolution, and deal with critical information infrastructures as required by the competent Protection Departments. Operators in violation of the regulations may be ordered to rectify, subject to warnings, fines and other administrative penalties or even criminal liabilities, and the directly responsible personnel in charge may also be imposed on fines or other liabilities.

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On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the PRC Personal Information Protection Law, which took effect from November 1, 2021. Pursuant to the PRC Personal Information Protection Law, personal information refers to the information related to an identified or identifiable individual recorded electronically or by other means, excluding the anonymized information, and processing of personal information includes among others, the collection, storage, use, handling, transmission, provision, disclosure, deletion of personal information. The PRC Personal Information Protection Law explicitly sets forth the circumstances where it is allowed to process personal information, including (i) the consent from the individual has been obtained; (ii) it is necessary for the conclusion and performance of a contract under which an individual is a party, or it is necessary for human resource management in accordance with the labor related rules and regulations and the collective contracts formulated or concluded in accordance with laws; (iii) it is necessary to perform statutory duties or statutory obligations; (iv) it is necessary to respond to public health emergencies, or to protect the life, health and property safety of individuals in emergencies; (v) carrying out news reports, public opinion supervision and other acts for the public interest, and processing personal information within a reasonable scope; (vi) processing personal information disclosed by individuals or other legally disclosed personal information within a reasonable scope in accordance with this law; or (vii) other circumstances stipulated by laws and administrative regulations. In addition, this law emphasizes that individuals have the right to withdraw their consent to process their personal information, and the processors must not refuse to provide products or services on the grounds that the individuals do not agree to the processing of their personal information or withdraw their consent, unless processing of personal information is necessary for the provision of products or services. Before processing the personal information, the processors should truthfully, accurately and completely inform individuals of the following matters in a conspicuous manner and in clear and easy-to-understand language: (i) the name and contact information of the personal information processor; (ii) the purpose of processing personal information, processing method, type of personal information processed, and the retention period; (iii) methods and procedures for individuals to exercise their rights under this law; (iv) other matters that should be notified according to laws and administrative regulations. Furthermore, the law provides that personal information processors who use personal information to make automated decisions should ensure the transparency of decision-making and the fairness and impartiality of the results, and must not impose unreasonable differential treatment on individuals in terms of transaction prices and other transaction conditions.

In addition to the aforementioned general rules, the PRC Personal Information Protection Law also introduces the rules for processing sensitive personal information, which refers to the personal information that, once leaked or illegally used, can easily lead to the infringement of the personal dignity of natural persons or harm personal and property safety, including biometrics, religious beliefs, specific identities, medical health, financial accounts, whereabouts and other information, as well as personal information of minors under the age of fourteen. Personal information processors can process sensitive personal information only if they have a specific purpose and sufficient necessity, and take strict protective measures. In addition, the law provides rules for cross-border provision of personal information. In particular, it is provided that the operators of critical information infrastructures and the personal information processors that process personal information up to the number prescribed by the national cyberspace administration shall store personal information collected and generated within the PRC. If it is really necessary to provide such personal information overseas, they shall pass the security assessment organized by the national cyberspace administration, except as otherwise stipulated by laws, administrative regulations and the national cyberspace administration. Any processor in violation of this law may be subject to administrative penalties including rectifications, warnings, fines, confiscation of illegal gains, suspension of the apps illegally processing personal information or suspension of the relevant business, revocation of business operation permits or business licenses, civil liabilities or even criminal liabilities. The directly responsible personnel in charge and other directly responsible personnel may be imposed with fines and prohibited from serving as directors, supervisors, senior management personnel and personal information protection officers of related companies within a certain period of time.

On November 14, 2021, the CAC publicly solicited opinion on the Regulations on the Administration of Cyber Data Security (Draft for Comments) or the Draft Data Security Regulations, which provides that data processors conducting the following activities shall apply for cybersecurity review: (i) the merger, reorganization or separation of internet platform operators that have acquired a large number of data resources related to national security, economic development or public interests, which affects or may affect national security; (ii) data processors that handle the personal information of more than one million people intends to be listed abroad; (iii) the data processor intends to be listed in Hong Kong, which affects or may affect national security; (iv) other data processing activities that affect or may affect national security. The Draft Data Security Regulations also provide that the operators of large Internet platforms that set up headquarters, operation centers or R&D centers overseas shall report to the national cyberspace administration and other competent authorities.

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On December 28, 2021, the CAC, the NDRC, the MIIT, and several other administrations jointly promulgated the Cybersecurity Review Measures, or the Review Measures, which became effective from February 15, 2022. The Review Measures replaced its previous version promulgated on April 13, 2020. According to the Review Measures, (i) when the purchase of network products and services by a critical information infrastructures operator or the data processing activities conducted by a network platform operator affect or may affect national security, a cybersecurity review shall be conducted pursuant to the Review Measures. The aforesaid operators shall file for a cybersecurity review with Cybersecurity Review Office under the CAC if their behavior affects or may affect national security; (ii) an application for cybersecurity review shall be made by an issuer who is a network platform operator holding personal information of more than one million users before such issuer applies to list its securities on a foreign stock exchange; and (iii) the relevant PRC governmental authorities may initiate cybersecurity review if such governmental authorities determine that the issuer’s network products or services, or data processing activities affect or may affect national security. Cybersecurity reviews focus on assessing the following national security risks factors associated with relevant objects or circumstances: (i) the risk of illegal control, interference or destruction of critical information infrastructure, arising from the purchase and utilization of network products and services; (ii) the harm on the business continuity of critical information infrastructure incurring from a disruption of network products and services supply; (iii) the safety, openness, transparency, diversity of sources of network products and services; the reliability of suppliers; and the risk of supply disruption due to political, diplomatic, trade and other reasons; (iv) the level of compliance with the PRC laws, administrative regulations and ministry rules of the suppliers of network products and services; (v) the risk of core data, important data or a large amount of personal information being stolen, leaked, destroyed, and illegally used or illegally exited the country; (vi) the risk of critical information infrastructure, core data, important data or a large amount of personal information being affected, controlled, or maliciously used by foreign governments and the network information security risk in relation to listing abroad; and (vii) other factors that may harm critical information infrastructure, cyber security and/or data security.

Furthermore, on July 7, 2022, the CAC released the Measures on Security Assessment of Cross-border Data Transfer, which took effect from September 1, 2022. Such measures requires that any data processor which exports personal information exceeding certain volume threshold under such measures shall apply for security assessment by the CAC before transferring any personal information abroad, including the following circumstances: (i) any important data will be provided overseas by a data processer; (ii) any personal information will be provided overseas by an operator of critical information infrastructure or a data processor processing personal information of more than one million individuals; (iii) any personal information will be provided overseas by a data processor processing the personal information of more than 100,000 individuals or the sensitive personal information of more than 10,000 individuals on a cumulative basis since January 1 of the previous year; and (iv) other circumstances where the security assessment is required as prescribed by the CAC.

On February 24, 2023, the CSRC, the Ministry of Finance, the National Administration of State Secrets Protection and the National Archives Administration released the revised Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, or the Archives Rules, which became effective on March 31, 2023. The Archives Rules regulate both overseas direct offerings and overseas indirect offerings, providing that, among other things: (i) in relation to the overseas listing activities of PRC enterprises, the PRC enterprises are required to strictly comply with the relevant requirements on confidentiality and archives management, establish a sound confidentiality and archives system, and take necessary measures to implement their confidentiality and archives management responsibilities; (ii) during the course of an overseas offering and listing, if a PRC enterprise needs to publicly disclose or provide to securities companies or securities service providers and overseas regulators, any materials that contain relevant state secrets, government work secrets or information that has a sensitive impact (i.e. be detrimental to national security or the public interest if divulged), the PRC enterprise should complete the relevant approval/filing and other regulatory procedures; and (iii) working papers produced in the PRC by securities companies and securities service providers, which provide PRC enterprises with securities services during their overseas issuance and listing, should be stored in the PRC, and competent PRC authorities must approve the transmission of all such working papers to recipients outside the PRC.

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Regulation Relating to Unfair Competition

According to the Law Against Unfair Competition of the PRC, or the Anti-Unfair Competition Law, promulgated by the Standing Committee of National People’s Congress, on September 2, 1993 and amended on November 4, 2017 and April 23, 2019 respectively, effective from April 23, 2019, operators shall not undermine their competitors by engaging in improper activities, including but not limited to, taking advantage of powers or influence to affect a transaction, market confusion, commercial bribery, misleading false publicity, infringement on trade secrets, price dumping, illegitimate premium sale and commercial libel. Any operators who violate the Anti-Unfair Competition Law by engaging in the foregoing unfair competitive activities shall be ordered to cease such illegal activities, eliminate the influence of such activities or compensate for the damages caused to any party. The competent supervision and inspection authorities may also confiscate the illegal gains or impose fines on such operators.

Regulation Relating to Leasing

Pursuant to the Law on Administration of Urban Real Estate, when leasing premises, the lessor and lessee are required to enter into a written lease contract, containing such provisions as the leasing term, use of the premises, rental and repair liabilities, and other rights and obligations of both parties.

According to the Civil Code of PRC which took effect from January 1, 2021, the lessee may sublease the leased premises to a third party, subject to the consent of the lessor. Where the lessee subleases the premises, the lease contract between the lessee and the lessor remains valid. The lessor is entitled to terminate the lease agreement if the lessee subleases the premises without the prior consent of the lessor.

Pursuant to the Administrative Measures for Commodity Housing Tenancy issued by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development on December 1, 2010 and came into effect on February 1, 2011, the parties concerned to a housing tenancy shall go through the housing tenancy registration formalities with the competent construction (real estate) departments of the municipalities directly under the central government, cities and counties where the housing is located within 30 days after the housing tenancy contract is signed.

Regulation Related to Intellectual Property

Patent

Patents in the PRC are principally protected under the Patent Law of the PRC. The duration of a patent right is either 10 years or 20 years from the date of application, depending on the type of patent right. The Patent Law of the PRC and its implementation rules provide for three types of patents, namely, “invention”, “utility model” and “design”. Invention patents are valid for twenty years, while design patents and utility model patents are valid for ten years, from the date of application. The Chinese patent system adopts a “first-to-file” principle, which means that where more than one person files a patent application for the same invention, a patent will be granted to the person who files the application first. To be patentable, invention or utility models must meet three criteria: novelty, inventiveness and practicability. A third party must obtain consent or a proper license from the patent owner to use the patent. Otherwise, the use constitutes an infringement of the patent rights.

Copyright

Copyright in the PRC, including copyrighted software, is principally protected under the Copyright Law of the PRC and related rules and regulations. Under the Copyright Law, promulgated in September 1990, implemented in June 1991, amended in October 2001, February 2010 and November 2020, and effective on June 1, 2021 the term of protection for copyrighted software is 50 years. The Regulation on the Protection of the Right to Communicate Works to the Public over Information Networks, as most recently amended on January 30, 2013, provides specific rules on fair use, statutory license, and a safe harbor for use of copyrights and copyright management technology and specifies the liabilities of various entities for violations, including copyright holders, libraries and Internet service providers.

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Trademark

Registered trademarks are protected under the Trademark Law of the PRC and related rules and regulations. Trademarks are registered with the State Intellectual Property Office, formerly the Trademark Office of the SAMR. Where registration is sought for a trademark that is identical or similar to another trademark which has already been registered or given preliminary examination and approval for use in the same or similar category of commodities or services, the application for registration of this trademark may be rejected. Trademark registrations are effective for a renewable ten-year period, unless otherwise revoked.

Domain Name

Domain names are protected under the Administrative Measures on Internet Domain Names promulgated by the MIIT on August 24, 2017 and effective as of November 1, 2017. Domain name registrations are handled through domain name service agencies established under the relevant regulations, and applicants become domain name holders upon successful registration.

Regulation on Fire Safety

The Fire Safety Law, promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on April 29, 1998, amended on October 28, 2008, April 23, 2019 and April 29, 2021, as well as other relevant detailed fire prevention regulations, require that premises of warehouses must either obtain a fire safety assessment permit or complete a fire safety filing. Also, according to the Provisions on Administration of Construction Permit of Construction Projects, which was promulgated by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development on June 25, 2014 and most recently amended on March 30, 2021, a construction project with an investment amount less than RMB300,000 or a construction area of less than 300 square meters is exempted from the requirement of a construction permit. Further, according to the Eight Measures in Deepening Reform and Supporting Economic and Society Development promulgated by the Ministry of Public Security on August 12, 2015, a construction project with an investment amount less than RMB300,000 or a construction area of less than 300 square meters, or other threshold with respect to the investment amount or construction area as otherwise determined by the provincial authority of housing and urban-rural development is exempted and released from the requirements of fire protection design and fire safety filing.

In addition, pursuant to the Interim Provisions on the Administration of Fire Protection Design Review and Final Inspection of Construction Projects promulgated by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, effective on June 1, 2020, or the Interim Provisions Regarding Fire Protection, a special construction project as stipulated in the Interim Provisions Regarding Fire Protection shall be subject to fire protection design review before such project was commenced construction and shall be subject to fire protection inspection before such project was put into used; other construction projects other than a special construction project and as stipulated in the Interim Provisions Regarding Fire Protection shall be subject to fire protection inspection recordation, and the competent department of housing and urban-rural development shall conduct a random fire protection inspection thereof.

Pursuant to these regulations, failure to obtain a fire safety assessment permit shall be subject to: (i) orders to suspend the construction of projects, use of such projects or operation of relevant business; and (ii) a fine of between RMB30,000 and RMB300,000. Failure to complete a fire safety filing shall be subject to: (i) orders to make rectifications within a specified time limit; and (ii) a fine of not more than RMB5,000. In addition, fire departments conduct spot inspections irregularly and the competent department of housing and urban-rural development conducts a random fire protection inspection thereof. The warehouses that fail to pass such inspections are also subject to monetary penalties and suspension of business operations.

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Regulation Related to Employment, Social Insurance and Housing Fund

The Labor Law and The Labor Contract Law provide requirements concerning employment contracts between an employer and its employees. If an employer fails to enter into a written employment contract with an employee within one year from the date on which the employment relationship is established, the employer must rectify the situation by entering into a written employment contract with the employee and pay the employee twice the employee’s salary for the period from the day following the lapse of one month from the date of establishment of the employment relationship to the day prior to the execution of the written employment contract. All employers must comply with local minimum wage standards. The Labor Contract Law and its implementation rules also require compensation to be paid upon certain terminations, which significantly affects the cost of reducing workforce for employers. In addition, if an employer intends to enforce a non-compete provision with an employee in an employment contract or non-competition agreement, it has to compensate the employee on a monthly basis during the term of the restriction period after the termination or ending of the labor contract. Employers in most cases are also required to provide a severance payment to their employees after their employment relationship are terminated. Violations of the PRC Labor Contract Law and the PRC Labor Law may result in the imposition of fines and other administrative and criminal liability in the case of serious violations.

Enterprises in China are required by PRC laws and regulations to participate in certain employee benefit plans, including social insurance funds, namely a pension plan, a medical insurance plan, an unemployment insurance plan, a work-related injury insurance plan and a maternity insurance plan, and a housing provident fund, and contribute to the plans or funds in amounts equal to certain percentages of salaries, including bonuses and allowances, of the employees as specified by the local government from time to time at locations where they operate their businesses or where they are located. According to the Social Insurance Law, an employer that fails to make social insurance contributions may be ordered to pay the required contributions within a stipulated deadline and be subject to a late fee. If the employer still fails to rectify the failure to make social insurance contributions within the stipulated deadline, it may be subject to a fine ranging from one to three times the amount overdue. According to the Regulations on Management of Housing Fund, an enterprise that fails to make housing fund contributions may be ordered to rectify the noncompliance and pay the required contributions within a stipulated deadline; otherwise, an application may be made to a local court for compulsory enforcement.

Regulation Related to Foreign Exchange and Dividend Distribution

Regulation on Foreign Currency Exchange

The principal regulations governing foreign currency exchange in China are the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations, most recently amended in 2008. Under PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, such as profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, by complying with certain procedural requirements. By contrast, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where RMB is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital account items, such as direct investments, repayment of foreign currency-denominated loans, repatriation of investments and investments in securities outside of China.

In 2012, SAFE promulgated the Circular of Further Improving and Adjusting Foreign Exchange Administration Policies on Foreign Direct Investment, or Circular 59, which substantially amends and simplifies the current foreign exchange procedure. Pursuant to Circular 59, the opening of various special purpose foreign exchange accounts, such as pre-establishment expenses accounts, foreign exchange capital accounts and guarantee accounts, the reinvestment of RMB proceeds derived by foreign investors in the PRC, and remittance of foreign exchange profits and dividends by a foreign-invested enterprise to its foreign shareholders no longer require the approval or verification of SAFE, and multiple capital accounts for the same entity may be opened in different provinces, which was not possible previously. In 2013, SAFE specified that the administration by SAFE or its local branches over direct investment by foreign investors in the PRC must be conducted by way of registration and banks must process foreign exchange business relating to the direct investment in the PRC based on the registration information provided by SAFE and its branches. In February 2015, SAFE promulgated the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving the Administration of the Foreign Exchange Concerning Direct Investment, or SAFE Notice 13. Instead of applying for approvals regarding foreign exchange registrations of foreign direct investment and overseas direct investment from SAFE, entities and individuals may apply for such foreign exchange registrations from qualified banks. The qualified banks, under the supervision of SAFE, may directly review the applications and conduct the registration.

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In March 2015, SAFE promulgated the Circular of SAFE on Reforming the Management Approach regarding the Settlement of Foreign Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprise, or Circular 19, which expands a pilot reform of the administration of the settlement of the foreign exchange capitals of foreign-invested enterprises nationwide. Circular 19 replaced both the Circular of SAFE on Issues Relating to the Improvement of Business Operations with Respect to the Administration of Foreign Exchange Capital Payment and Settlement of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or Circular 142, and the Circular of SAFE on Issues concerning the Pilot Reform of the Administrative Approach Regarding the Settlement of the Foreign Exchange Capitals of Foreign-invested Enterprises in Certain Areas, or Circular 36. Circular 19 allows all foreign-invested enterprises established in the PRC to settle their foreign exchange capital on a discretionary basis according to the actual needs of their business operation, provides the procedures for foreign invested companies to use Renminbi converted from foreign currency-denominated capital for equity investments and removes certain other restrictions that had been provided in Circular 142. However, Circular 19 continues to prohibit foreign-invested enterprises from, among other things, using RMB funds converted from their foreign exchange capital for expenditure beyond their business scope and providing entrusted loans or repaying loans between non-financial enterprises. SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Standardizing the Foreign Exchange Settlement Management Policy of Capital Account, or Circular 16, effective June 2016, which reiterates some of the rules set forth in Circular 19. Circular 16 provides that discretionary foreign exchange settlement applies to foreign exchange capital, foreign debt offering proceeds and remitted foreign listing proceeds, and the corresponding RMB capital converted from foreign exchange may be used to extend loans to related parties or repay inter-company loans (including advances by third parties). However, there are substantial uncertainties with respect to Circular 16’s interpretation and implementation in practice. Circular 19 or Circular 16 may delay or limit us from using the proceeds of offshore offerings to make additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries and any violations of these circulars could result in severe monetary or other penalties.

In January 2017, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Further Improving Reform of Foreign Exchange Administration and Optimizing Genuineness and Compliance Verification, or Circular 3, which stipulates several capital control measures with respect to the outbound remittance of profits from domestic entities to offshore entities, including (i) banks must check whether the transaction is genuine by reviewing board resolutions regarding profit distribution, original copies of tax filing records and audited financial statements, and (ii) domestic entities must retain income to account for previous years’ losses before remitting any profits. Moreover, pursuant to Circular 3, domestic entities must explain in detail the sources of capital and how the capital will be used, and provide board resolutions, contracts and other proof as a part of the registration procedure for outbound investment.

On October 23, 2019, SAFE issued Circular of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Further Promoting the Facilitation of Cross-border Trade and Investment, or the Circular 28, which took effect on the same day. Circular 28 allows non-investment foreign-invested enterprises to use their capital funds to make equity investments in China, provided that such investments do not violate the effective special entry management measures for foreign investment (negative list) and the target investment projects are genuine and in compliance with laws. Since Circular 28 was issued only recently, its interpretation and implementation in practice are still subject to substantial uncertainties.

Regulation on Dividend Distribution

The principal laws, rule and regulations governing dividends distribution by companies in the PRC are the PRC Company Law, which applies to both PRC domestic companies and foreign-invested companies, and the Foreign Investment Law and its implementing rules, which apply to foreign- invested companies. Under these laws, regulations and rules, both domestic companies and foreign-invested companies in the PRC are required to set aside as general reserves at least 10% of their after-tax profit, until the cumulative amount of their reserves reaches 50% of their registered capital. PRC companies are not permitted to distribute any profits until any losses from prior fiscal years have been offset. Profits retained from prior fiscal years may be distributed together with distributable profits from the current fiscal year.

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Regulation on Outbound Direct Investment

On December 26, 2017, the NDRC promulgated the Administrative Measures on Overseas Investments, or NDRC Order No. 11, which took effect on March 1, 2018. According to NDRC Order No. 11, non-sensitive overseas investment projects are required to make record filings with the NDRC or the local branch of the NDRC respectively. On September 6, 2014, MOFCOM promulgated the Administrative Measures on Overseas Investments, which took effect on October 6, 2014. According to such regulation, overseas investments of PRC enterprises that involve non-sensitive countries and regions and non-sensitive industries must make record filings with MOFCOM or a local branch of MOFCOM. The Notice of SAFE on Further Improving and Adjusting Foreign Exchange Administration Policies for Direct Investment was issued by SAFE on November 19, 2012, last amended on December 30, 2019, under which PRC enterprises must register for overseas direct investment with local banks. The shareholders or beneficial owners who are PRC entities are required to be in compliance with the related overseas investment regulations. If they fail to complete the filings or registrations required by overseas direct investment regulations, the relevant authority may order them to suspend or cease the implementation of such investment and make corrections within a specified time.

Regulation on Foreign Exchange Registration of Overseas Investment by PRC Residents

In 2014, SAFE issued SAFE Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, replacing SAFE Circular on Issues Concerning the Regulation of Foreign Exchange in Equity Finance and Return Investments by Domestic Residents through Offshore Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 75. SAFE Circular 37 regulates foreign exchange matters in relation to the use of special purpose vehicles by PRC residents or entities to seek offshore investment and financing or conduct round trip investment in China. Under SAFE Circular 37, a “special purpose vehicle” refers to an offshore entity established or controlled, directly or indirectly, by PRC residents or entities for the purpose of seeking offshore financing or making offshore investment, using legitimate onshore or offshore assets or interests, while “round trip investment” refers to direct investment in China by PRC residents or entities through special purpose vehicles, namely, establishing foreign-invested enterprises to obtain ownership, control rights and management rights. SAFE Circular 37 provides that, before making a contribution into a special purpose vehicle, PRC residents or entities are required to complete foreign exchange registration with SAFE or its local branch.

In 2015, SAFE promulgated the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving the Administration of the Foreign Exchange Concerning Direct Investment. This notice has amended SAFE Circular 37 by requiring PRC residents or entities to register with qualified banks rather than SAFE or its local branch in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing. PRC residents or entities who had contributed legitimate onshore or offshore interests or assets to special purpose vehicles but had not registered as required before the implementation of SAFE Circular 37 must register their ownership interests or control in the special purpose vehicles with qualified banks. An amendment to the registration is required if there is a material change with respect to the special purpose vehicle registered, such as any change of basic information (including change of the PRC residents, name and operation term), increases or decreases in investment amount, transfers or exchanges of shares, and mergers or divisions. Failure to comply with the registration procedures set forth in SAFE Circular 37 and the subsequent notice, or making misrepresentations or failing to disclose the control of the foreign-invested enterprise that is established through round-trip investment, may result in restrictions being imposed on the foreign exchange activities of the relevant foreign-invested enterprise, including payment of dividends and other distributions, such as proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation, to its offshore parent or affiliate, and the capital inflow from the offshore parent, and may also subject relevant PRC residents or entities to penalties under PRC foreign exchange administration regulations.

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Regulation Related to Stock Incentive Plan

In February 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notice on Foreign Exchange Administration of PRC Residents Participating in Share Incentive Plans of Offshore Listed Companies, or the Stock Option Rules, replacing the previous rules issued by SAFE in March 2007. Under the Stock Option Rules and other relevant rules and regulations, domestic individuals, which means the PRC residents and non-PRC citizens residing in China for a continuous period of not less than one year, subject to a few exceptions, who participate in a stock incentive plan in an overseas publicly listed company are required to register with SAFE or its local branches and complete certain other procedures. Participants of a stock incentive plan who are PRC residents must retain a qualified PRC agent, which could be a PRC subsidiary of the overseas publicly listed company or another qualified institution selected by the PRC subsidiary, to conduct the SAFE registration and other procedures with respect to the stock incentive plan on behalf of its participants. The participants must also retain an overseas entrusted institution to handle matters in connection with their exercise of stock options, the purchase and sale of corresponding stocks or interests and fund transfers. In addition, the PRC agent is required to amend the SAFE registration with respect to the stock incentive plan if there is any material change to the stock incentive plan, the PRC agent or the overseas entrusted institution or other material changes. The PRC agents must, on behalf of the PRC residents who have the right to exercise the employee share options, apply to SAFE or its local branches for an annual quota for the payment of foreign currencies in connection with the PRC residents’ exercise of the employee share options. The foreign exchange proceeds received by the PRC residents from the sale of shares under the stock incentive plans granted and dividends distributed by the overseas listed companies must be remitted into the bank accounts in the PRC opened by the PRC agents before distribution to such PRC residents. In addition, SAFE Circular 37 provides that PRC residents who participate in a share incentive plan of an overseas unlisted special purpose company may register with SAFE or its local branches before exercising rights.

Regulation Related to Tax

Enterprise Income Tax

Under the Enterprise Income Tax Law of the PRC, or the EIT Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008 and was subsequently amended on February 24, 2017 and December 29, 2018, and its implementing rules, enterprises are classified as resident enterprises and non-resident enterprises. PRC resident enterprises typically pay an enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% while non-PRC resident enterprises without any branches in the PRC should pay an enterprise income tax in connection with their income from the PRC at the tax rate of 10%. An enterprise established outside of the PRC with its “de facto management bodies” located within the PRC is considered a “resident enterprise,” meaning that it can be treated in a manner similar to a PRC domestic enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes. The implementing rules of the EIT Law define a de facto management body as a managing body that in practice exercises “substantial and overall management and control over the production and operations, personnel, accounting, and properties” of the enterprise. Enterprises qualified as “High and New Technology Enterprises” are entitled to a 15% enterprise income tax rate rather than the 25% uniform statutory tax rate. The preferential tax treatment continues as long as an enterprise can retain its “High and New Technology Enterprise” status.

The EIT Law and the implementation rules provide that an income tax rate of 10% should normally be applicable to dividends payable to investors that are “non-resident enterprises,” and gains derived by such investors, which (a) do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC or (b) have an establishment or place of business in the PRC, but the relevant income is not effectively connected with the establishment or place of business to the extent such dividends and gains are derived from sources within the PRC. Such income tax on the dividends may be reduced pursuant to a tax treaty between China and other jurisdictions. Pursuant to the Arrangement Between the Mainland of China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation on Income, or the Double Tax Avoidance Arrangement, and other applicable PRC laws, if a Hong Kong resident enterprise is determined by the competent PRC tax authority to have satisfied the relevant conditions and requirements under such Double Tax Avoidance Arrangement and other applicable laws, the 10% withholding tax on the dividends the Hong Kong resident enterprise receives from a PRC resident enterprise may be reduced to 5% upon receiving approval from in-charge tax authority. However, based on the Notice on Certain Issues with Respect to the Enforcement of Dividend Provisions in Tax Treaties issued on February 20, 2009 by the SAT, if the relevant PRC tax authorities determine, in their discretion, that a company benefits from such reduced income tax rate due to a structure or arrangement that is primarily tax-driven, such PRC tax authorities may adjust the preferential tax treatment; and based on the Announcement on Relevant Issues Concerning the “Beneficial Owners” in Tax Treaties issued on February 3, 2018 by the SAT and effective from April 1, 2018, which replaces the Notice on the Interpretation and Recognition of Beneficial Owners in Tax Treaties and the Announcement on the Recognition of Beneficial Owners in Tax Treaties by the SAT, comprehensive analysis based on the stipulated factor therein and actual circumstances shall be adopted when recognizing the “beneficial owner” and agents and designated wire beneficiaries are specifically excluded from being recognized as “beneficial owners.”

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Value-added Tax and Business Tax

Pursuant to applicable PRC tax regulations, any entity or individual conducting business in the service industry used to be generally required to pay a business tax at the rate of 5% on the revenues generated from providing such services. However, if the services provided are related to technology development and transfer, such business tax may be exempted subject to approval by the relevant tax authorities. Whereas, pursuant to the Provisional Regulations on Value-Added Tax of the PRC and its implementation regulations, unless otherwise specified by relevant laws and regulations, any entity or individual engaged in the sales of goods, provision of processing, repairs and replacement services and importation of goods into China is generally required to pay a value-added tax, or VAT, for revenues generated from sales of products, while qualified input VAT paid on taxable purchase can be offset against such output VAT.

In November 2011, the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation promulgated the Pilot Plan for Imposition of Value-Added Tax to Replace Business Tax. In March 2016, the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation further promulgated the Notice on Fully Promoting the Pilot Plan for Replacing Business Tax by Value-Added Tax, which became effective on May 1, 2016. Pursuant to the pilot plan and relevant notices, VAT is generally imposed in lieu of business tax in the modern service industries, including the VATS, on a nationwide basis. VAT of a rate of 6% applies to revenue derived from the provision of some modern services. Certain small taxpayers under PRC law are subject to reduced value-added tax at a rate of 3%. Unlike business tax, a taxpayer is allowed to offset the qualified input VAT paid on taxable purchases against the output VAT chargeable on the modern services provided.

On April 4, 2018, the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation issued the Notice on Adjustment of VAT Rates, which came into effect on May 1, 2018. According to the abovementioned notice, the taxable goods previously subject to VAT rates of 17% and 11%, respectively, become subject to lower VAT rates of 16% and 10%, respectively, starting from May 1, 2018. Furthermore, according to the Announcement on Relevant Policies for Deepening Value-added Tax Reform jointly promulgated by the Ministry of Finance, the State Administration of Taxation and the General Administration of Customs, which became effective on April 1, 2019, the taxable goods previously subject to VAT rates of 16% and 10%, respectively, become subject to lower VAT rates of 13% and 9%, respectively, starting from April 1, 2019.

M&A Rules and Overseas Listings

On August 8, 2006, six PRC regulatory agencies, including the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, adopted the Regulations on Mergers of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, which became effective on September 8, 2006 and was amended on June 22, 2009. Foreign investors shall comply with the M&A Rules when they purchase equity interests of a domestic company or subscribe the increased capital of a domestic company, thus changing the nature of the domestic company into a foreign-invested enterprise; or when the foreign investors establish a foreign-invested enterprise in the PRC, purchase the assets of a domestic company and operate the assets; or when the foreign investors purchase the asset of a domestic company, establish a foreign-invested enterprise by injecting such assets and operate the assets. The M&A Rules purport, among other things, to require offshore special purpose vehicles formed for overseas listing purposes through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies and controlled by PRC companies or individuals, to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to publicly listing their securities on an overseas stock exchange.

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According to the Anti-Monopoly Law which took effect as of August 1, 2008 and amended on June 24, 2022, where the concentration of business operators reaches the filing thresholds stipulated by the State Council, business operators shall file a declaration with the SAMR, and no concentration shall be implemented until the SAMR clears the anti-monopoly filing. Pursuant to the Notice of the General Office of the State Council on the Establishment of the Security Review System for Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors and the Security Review Rules issued by the General Office of the State Council on February 3, 2011 and became effective on March 3, 2011, mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors that raise “national defense and security” concerns, and mergers and acquisitions through which foreign investors may acquire de facto control over domestic enterprises that raise “national security” concerns, are subject to strict review by the PRC government authorities. On August 25, 2011, MOFCOM issued the Provisions of MOFCOM for the Implementation of the Security Review System for Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, which provides that if a foreign investor’s merger or acquisition of a domestic enterprise falls within the scope of security review specified in the Notice of the General Office of the State Council on the Establishment of the Security Review System for Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, the foreign investor shall file an application with MOFCOM for security review. Whether a foreign investor’s merger or acquisition of a domestic enterprise falls within the scope of security review or not shall be determined based on the substance and actual influence of the merger or acquisition transaction. No foreign investor is allowed to substantially avoid the security review in any way, including but not limited to, holding shares on behalf of others, trust arrangements, multi-level reinvestment, leasing, loans, contractual control, or overseas transactions.

On July 6, 2021, the relevant PRC government authorities issued the Opinions on Strictly Scrutinizing Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law. These opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies and proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies.

On December 27, 2021, the NDRC and the MOFCOM jointly issued the Special Administrative Measures (Negative List) for Foreign Investment Access (2021 Version), or the 2021 Negative List, which became effective from January 1, 2022. Pursuant to that, if a domestic company engaging in the prohibited business stipulated in the 2021 Negative List seeks an overseas offering and listing, it shall obtain the approval from the competent governmental authorities. Besides, the foreign investors of the company shall not be involved in the company’s operation and management, and their shareholding percentage shall be subject, mutatis mutandis, to the relevant regulations on the domestic securities investments by foreign investors.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated Trial Administrative Measures of the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, or the Overseas Listing Trial Measures and relevant five guidelines, which became effective on March 31, 2023. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures comprehensively improve and reform the regulatory regime for overseas offering and listing of PRC domestic companies’ securities and will regulate both direct and indirect overseas offering and listing of PRC domestic companies’ securities by adopting a filing-based regulatory regime.

According to the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, PRC domestic companies that seek to offer and list securities in overseas markets, either in direct or indirect means, are required to fulfill the filing procedure with the CSRC and report relevant information. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures provides that an overseas listing or offering is explicitly prohibited, if any of the following: (i) such securities offering and listing is explicitly prohibited by provisions in laws, administrative regulations and relevant state rules; (ii) the intended securities offering and listing may endanger national security as reviewed and determined by competent authorities under the State Council in accordance with law; (iii) the domestic company intending to make the securities offering and listing, or its controlling shareholder(s) and the actual controller, have committed relevant crimes such as corruption, bribery, embezzlement, misappropriation of property or undermining the order of the socialist market economy during the latest three years; (iv) the domestic company intending to make the securities offering and listing is currently under investigations for suspicion of criminal offenses or major violations of laws and regulations, and no conclusion has yet been made thereof; or (v) there are material ownership disputes over equity held by the domestic company’s controlling shareholder(s) or by other shareholder(s) that are controlled by the controlling shareholder(s) and/or actual controller.

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The Overseas Listing Trial Measures also provides that if the issuer both meets the following criteria, the overseas securities offering and listing conducted by such issuer will be deemed as indirect overseas offering by PRC domestic companies: (i) 50% or more of any of the issuer’s operating revenue, total profit, total assets or net assets as documented in its audited consolidated financial statements for the most recent fiscal year is accounted for by domestic companies; and (ii) the main parts of the issuer’s business activities are conducted in mainland China, or its main place(s) of business are located in mainland China, or the majority of senior management staff in charge of its business operations and management are PRC citizens or have their usual place(s) of residence located in mainland China. Where an issuer submits an application for initial public offering to competent overseas regulators, such issuer must file with the CSRC within three business days after such application is submitted. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures also requires subsequent reports to be filed with the CSRC on material events, such as change of control or voluntary or forced delisting of the issuer(s) who have completed overseas offerings and listings.

At a press conference held for these new regulations, officials from the CSRC clarified that the domestic companies that have already been listed overseas on or before the effective date of the Overseas Listing Trial Measures (i.e. March 31, 2023) shall be deemed as existing issuers, or the Existing Issuers. Existing Issuers are not required to complete the filling procedures immediately, and they shall be required to file with the CSRC when subsequent matters such as refinancing are involved. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures also provides that subsequent securities offerings of an issuer in the same overseas market where it has previously offered and listed securities shall be filed with the CSRC within three business days after the offering is completed.

Regulations on Anti-Monopoly

Under the Anti-Monopoly Law, the prohibited monopolistic acts include monopolistic agreements, abuse of a dominant market position and concentration of businesses that may have the effect to eliminate or restrict competition. Pursuant to the Anti-Monopoly Law, a business operator that possesses a dominant market position is prohibited from abusing its dominant market position, including conducting the following acts: (i) selling commodities at unfairly high prices or buying commodities at unfairly low prices; (ii) without justifiable reasons, selling commodities at prices below cost; (iii) without justifiable reasons, refusing to enter into transactions with their trading counterparts; (iv) without justifiable reasons, allowing trading counterparts to make transactions exclusively with itself or with the business operators designated by it; (v) without justifiable reasons, tying commodities or imposing unreasonable trading conditions to transactions; (vi) without justifiable reasons, applying differential prices and other transaction terms among their trading counterparts who are on an equal footing; and (vii) other acts determined as abuse of dominant market position by the relevant governmental authorities.

Pursuant to the Anti-Monopoly Law and relevant regulations, when a concentration of undertakings occurs and reaches any of the following thresholds, the undertakings concerned shall file a prior notification with the anti-monopoly agency (i.e., the State Administration for Market Regulation), (i) the total global turnover of all operators participating in the transaction exceeded RMB10 billion in the preceding fiscal year and at least two of these operators each had a turnover of more than RMB400 million within China in the preceding fiscal year, or (ii) the total turnover within China of all the operators participating in the concentration exceeded RMB2 billion in the preceding fiscal year, and at least two of these operators each had a turnover of more than RMB400 million within China in the preceding fiscal year are triggered, and no concentration shall be implemented until the anti-monopoly agency clears the anti-monopoly filing. “Concentration of undertakings” means any of the following: (i) merger of undertakings; (ii) acquisition of control over another undertaking by acquiring equity or assets; or (iii) acquisition of control over, or exercising decisive influence on, another undertaking by contract or by any other means.

In addition, pursuant to the Anti-Monopoly Law and relevant regulations, entering into monopolistic agreements, which means agreements or concerted practices to eliminate or restrict competition, are prohibited, unless such agreements satisfy the specific exemptions prescribed therein, such as improving technologies or increasing the efficiency and competitiveness of small and medium-sized undertakings. If business operators fail to comply with the Anti-Monopoly Law or other relevant regulations, the anti-monopoly agency is empowered to cease the relevant activities, unwind the transactions, and confiscate illegal gains and fines.

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Moreover, in February 2021, the Anti-Monopoly Committee of the State Council published the Anti-Monopoly Guidelines for the Platform Economy Sector. The Anti-Monopoly Guidelines for the Platform Economy Sector are consistent with the Anti-Monopoly Law and prohibit monopolistic conduct such as entering into monopoly agreements, abuse of market dominance and concentration of undertakings that may have the effect to eliminate or restrict competition in the field of platform economy. More specifically, the Anti-Monopoly Guidelines for the Platform Economy Sector outlines certain practices that may, if without justifiable reasons, constitute abuse of a dominant position, including without limitation, discriminating customers in terms of pricing and other transactional conditions by virtue of big data and analytics, coercing counterparties into monopolistic arrangements, using technological means to block competitors’ interface, using bundled services to sell services or products, and compulsory collection of users’ unnecessary data. On August 17, 2021, the SAMR issued the Provisions on Prohibition of Unfair Competition on the Internet (Draft for Comments), which prohibits business operators from using data, algorithms and other technical means to commit traffic hijacking, interference, malicious incompatibility and other improprieties to influence user choices or hinder or damage the normal operation of network products or services offered by other business operators.

On June 24, 2022, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress issued the Decision on revising the Anti-Monopoly Law, effective August 1, 2022, which increases the fines on business operators for illegal concentration to “no more than ten percent of the preceding year’s sales revenue of the business operators if the concentration of business operators has or may have an effect of excluding or limiting competition; or a fine of up to RMB5 million if the concentration of business operators does not have an effect of excluding or limiting competition.” The decision also proposes for the relevant authority to require a filing where there is evidence that the concentration has or may have the effect of eliminating or restricting competition, even if such concentration does not reach the filing threshold, and if the business operator does not make the filing, then the relevant authority shall conduct an investigation.

The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure, including our principal subsidiaries, as of the date of this annual report:

Note:

As of December 31, 2022, we operated our business through over 17 leased properties in China. Currently, our leased properties in China primarily serve as our offices and DMWs that we previously operated. We believe that there is sufficient supply of properties in China and we do not rely on the existing leases for our business operations.

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As of December 31, 2022, we had one leased office in Beijing with a gross floor area of approximately 318 square meters.

We shut down our on-demand DMW retail business in July 2022. As of December 31, 2022, our leases for 12 DMWs in China were still effective. As of December 31, 2022, our leased DMW properties had a total gross floor area of approximately 5,093 square meters, ranging from a gross floor area of approximately 260 square meters to 657 square meters. As of December 31, 2022, the relevant lease agreements had lease expiration dates ranging from January 9, 2023 to September 19, 2025. We expect to terminate those leases for DMWs in the foreseeable future.

We terminated our intelligent fresh market business in March 2023. As of March 31, 2023, we terminated all operating contracts and relevant leases for fresh markets.

ITEM 4A.UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 5.OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties about our business and operations. Our actual results and the timing of selected events may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those we describe under “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report.

Overview

We are an innovator in China’s neighborhood retail industry. Our businesses started in October 2014 by launching on-demand DMW retail business. To further digitalize the neighborhood retail industry end-to-end, we launched our intelligent fresh market business in the second half of 2020 and started our retail cloud business initiative in 2021. In 2022, we adopted a series of significant adjustments to our business strategy for sustainability, including a shutdown of our on-demand DMW retail business, staff optimization, and a shutdown of the Next-Day Delivery BU. The on-demand DMW retail business and the Next-Day Delivery BU contributed approximately 90% of our total net revenue and total cost of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, and therefore these significant adjustments to our business strategy have resulted in a material and adverse impact on our business, financial performance, reputation and prospect. In March 2023, we terminated the intelligent fresh market business and the retail cloud business as part of our further business strategy adjustment, to focus on our private label product retail business newly launched in January 2023. For more detailed information, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—We adopted significant business strategy adjustments in July 2022 and continued to make business strategy adjustments since then. These business strategy adjustments may not be successful ultimately.”

Our total net revenues increased from RMB6,130.4 million in 2020 to RMB6,951.5 million in 2021, and decreased to RMB2,761.3 million (US$400.4 million) in 2022. We incurred a net loss of RMB1,649.2 million, RMB3,849.8 million and RMB1,523.6 million (US$220.9 million) in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively.

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Key Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

Our business, results of operations and financial condition are affected by general factors driving China’s economy, the e-commerce industry, and the neighborhood retail industry. These factors include urbanization rate, levels of per capita disposable income, levels of consumer spending, rate of internet and mobile penetration, rate of online consumption penetration of the fresh produce industry, development of cold chain logistics, standardization of supply chain of agricultural products, overall grocery spending, and other general economic conditions in China that affect consumption and business activities in general.

While our business is influenced by general factors affecting our industry, our operating results are more directly affected by company-specific factors, including the following major factors:

Our ability to implement new strategic initiatives for business restructuring

In our effort to digitalize the neighborhood retail industry, we have launched our private label product retail. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Our New Business Initiatives” for a more detailed description.

In the future, we plan to focus on providing digital marketing solutions services and the private label product retail business, leveraging our extensive market know-how on the ecommerce industry and the grocery supply chain. To achieve this goal, we may launch additional business initiative from time to time. Our ability to execute the new business strategies and our development on these new strategic initiatives are expected to impact our financial performance as a whole.

Our ability to position our products and manage product supply chain

As our new business strategy involves the development of our private label products, our ability to position our products and develop high-quality products categories is critical to our success. Supported by our deep consumer insights, we are well-positioned to develop and deliver high quality products to target consumers, who favor high quality grocery experience in the progress of the consumption upgrade. Our ability to successfully develop private label products depends on our product mix and the quality of products that we offer. Having a broad and attractive product mix and keeping the high quality of our products help us to maintain the popularity of our brands, increases consumer loyalty and encourages consumer purchases. In addition, our partnerships with a selected group of suppliers and producers are critical to our success in developing our private label products.

Our ability to improve our operating efficiency

Our results of operations depend in part on our ability to improve our operating efficiency, including effective sales and marketing strategy. Our new business initiative involve different types of sales channels and platforms as our customers. We believe our strong relationships with these top sales channels and platforms, which we have accumulated over years, laid a solid foundation for the development of our new business.

Our ability to attract, train and retain talents

To manage and support our development, it is critical for us to recruit, train and retain qualified talents, including research and development talents, sales and marketing talents, and management personnel, as well as other personnel in administrative functions, in particular during the time as we are going through the transition of our business model.

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Our ability to attract, train and retain these qualified talents primarily depends on our ability to offer competitive compensation, effective and continued training opportunities and rotation opportunities within our organization as well as the development path to management opportunities.

Impact of COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has had, and, together with any subsequent outbreaks driven by new variants of COVID-19, such as Omicron may continue to have, an adverse impact on our operations and financial performance. In China, business activities have largely resumed, government emergency measures have been significantly relaxed, and the general economy is gradually recovering. Recently, there has been an increasing number of COVID-19 cases, including outbreaks driven by variants of COVID-19, such as Omicron in multiple cities in China. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic may continue to affect our operations and financial performance will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. See also “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors —Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry—Our business may continue to be materially and adversely affected by the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China.”

Key Components of Results of Operations

Net revenues

Our net revenues consist of (i) sales of products (formerly known as sales of products through online platforms), and (ii) other revenues.

Our sales of products include sales of grocery primarily through our “Missfresh” mobile application and mini program, and, to a lesser extent, other third-party platforms and offline supply chains. We recognize revenues from sales of products through online platforms net of discounts, return allowances, and value-added taxes (VAT).

Our other revenues primarily consist of (i) membership fees we charge to consumers that join our Missfresh membership program, and (ii) sale of products through our “convenience go” vending machines.

The following table sets forth the breakdown of our net revenues, in amounts and as percentages of net revenues for the periods presented:

​

​

Our sales of products grew significantly from 2020 to 2021 and then experienced a significant decrease in 2022, primarily due to the shutdown of our on-demand DMW retail business in 2022.

Cost of Revenues

The following table sets forth our cost of revenues for each of the periods presented:

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Our cost of revenues consists primarily of our purchase price of products sold, inbound shipping charges, and write-downs of disposed inventory. In 2020, 2021 and 2022, our purchase price of products sold was the largest component of our cost of revenues, amounting to RMB4,743.1 million, RMB5,781.0 million and RMB1,627.5 million (US$236.0 million), respectively. Shipping charges to receive products from suppliers are included in inventories and recognized as cost of revenues upon sale of products to consumers. Our cost of revenues significantly decreased in 2022, as a result of the shut-down of our on-demand DMW retail business.

Operating Expenses

​

​

Our fulfillment expenses primarily consist of (i) expenses relating to product delivery and warehouse operation; (ii) rental and depreciation expenses of DMWs and quality control centers; and (iii) expenses charged by third-party platforms and payment processing platforms. In 2020, 2021 and 2022, expenses relating to product delivery and warehouse operation were the largest component of our fulfillment expenses, amounting to RMB941.0 million, RMB1,387.7 million and RMB665.1 million (US$96.4 million), respectively.

Our sales and marketing expenses primarily consist of (i) advertising and marketing promotion expenses; and (ii) personnel costs for sales and marketing. In 2020, 2021 and 2022, advertising and marketing promotion expenses were the largest component of our sales and marketing expenses, amounting to RMB394.9 million, RMB632.3 million and RMB40.1 million (US$5.8 million), respectively.

Our general and administrative expenses primarily consist of (i) personnel costs for general corporate functions, inclusive of share-based awards; (ii) costs associated with general corporate functions including facilities and equipment depreciation expenses, rental and other general corporate related expenses; and (iii) expenses associated with the shutdown of our on-demand DMW retail business in July 2022, such as losses on assets. In 2020 and 2021, personnel costs for general corporate functions were the largest component of our general and administrative expenses, amounting to RMB194.2 million and RMB731.6 million, respectively. In 2022, expenses associated with the shutdown of our on-demand DMW retai1 business were the largest component of our general and administrative expenses, amounting to RMB416.4 million (US$60.4 million)

Technology and content expenses primarily consist of (i) personnel cost for employees involved in designing, developing and maintaining technology platform, including share-based awards, and (ii) technology infrastructure costs, including bandwidth and data center costs, rentals, utilities and other expenses necessary to support our internal and external business. Technology and content expenses are expensed as incurred. In 2020, 2021 and 2022, personnel costs for the design, development and maintenance of technology platform were the largest component of our technology and content expenses, amounting to RMB282.2 million, RMB682.4 million and RMB90.0 million (US$13.0 million), respectively.

Our operating expenses significantly decreased in 2022, as a result of the shut-down of our on-demand DMW retail business.

Taxation

Cayman Islands

The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains, or appreciation, and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties, which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or brought within the jurisdiction of, the Cayman Islands. In addition, the Cayman Islands does not impose withholding tax on dividend payments.

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Hong Kong

Our subsidiary in Hong Kong is subject to 16.5% Hong Kong profit tax for its taxable income earned. Additionally, payments of dividends by our subsidiary in Hong Kong to our company are not subject to any Hong Kong withholding tax.

PRC

On March 16, 2007, the National People’s Congress of the PRC introduced the Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the EIT Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008, under which Foreign Investment Enterprises (“FlEs”) and domestic companies would be subject to corporate income tax at a uniform rate of 25%. The EIT Law also provides that an enterprise established under the laws of a foreign country or region but whose “de facto management body” is located in the PRC be treated as a resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes and consequently be subject to the PRC income tax at the rate of 25% for its global income. The implementing rules of the EIT Law merely define the location of the “de facto management body” as “the place where the exercising, in substance, of the overall management and control of the production and business operation, personnel, accounting, property, etc., of a non-PRC company is located.” Based on a review of surrounding facts and circumstances, we do not believe that it is likely that its operations outside of the PRC should be considered a resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. If our holding company in the Cayman Islands or any of our subsidiaries outside of China were deemed to be a “resident enterprise” under the EIT Law, it would be subject to enterprise income tax on its worldwide income at a rate of 25%. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in China—If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders or ADS holders.”

The EIT Law also imposes a withholding income tax of 10% on dividends distributed by an FIE to its immediate holding company outside of China, if such immediate holding company is considered as a non-resident enterprise without any establishment or place within China or if the received dividends have no connection with the establishment or place of such immediate holding company within China, unless such immediate holding company’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding arrangement. The Cayman Islands, where the Company is incorporated, does not have such tax treaty with China. According to the arrangement between the Mainland China and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Prevention of Fiscal Evasion in August 2006, dividends paid by an FIE in China to its immediate holding company in Hong Kong will be subject to withholding tax at a rate of no more than 5% (if such Hong Kong resident enterprise owns directly at least 25% of the shares of the FIE). We did not record any dividend withholding tax, as it has no retained earnings for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022.

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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated results of operations and percentages of our total net revenues for the periods presented. This information should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. The results of operations in any period are not necessarily indicative of our future trends.

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Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2021

Net revenues

Our net revenues decreased by 60.3% from RMB6,951.5 million in 2021 to RMB2,761.3 million (US$400.4 million) in 2022, which was primarily due to a decrease in our sales of products.

Our sales of product decreased by 61.0% from RMB6,786.1 million in 2021 to RMB2,645.8 million (US$383.6 million) in 2022, primarily due to the shutdown of our on-demand DMW retail business in July 2022.

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Our other revenues decreased by 30.2% from RMB165.5 million in 2021 to RMB115.5 million (US$16.8 million) in 2022, which was primarily due to a decrease in membership fees we charged to consumers that joined our Missfresh membership program and sale of products through our “convenience go” vending machines after our significant business strategy adjustments since July 2022.

Cost and operating expenses

Our total cost and operating expenses decreased by 65.2% from RMB10,812.8 million in 2021 to RMB3,758.8 million (US$545.0 million) in 2022.

Cost of revenues

Our cost of revenues decreased by 64.4% from RMB6,131.0 million in 2021 to RMB2,180.9 million (US$316.2 million) in 2022, which was primarily due to the decrease in total net revenues.

Fulfillment expenses

Our fulfillment expenses decreased by 65.4% from RMB2,121.4 million in 2021 to RMB733.4 million (US$106.3 million) in 2022, which was primarily due to the decrease in the number of orders fulfilled and the decrease in headcount of product delivery, warehouse operations, quality control and customer service staff.

Sales and marketing expenses

Our sales and marketing expenses decreased by 84.6% from RMB903.3 million in 2021 to RMB138.9 million (US$20.1 million) in 2022, which was primarily due to a decrease in advertising expense from RMB623.3 million in 2021 to RMB40.1 million (US$5.8 million) in 2022 as a result of the shutdown of our on-demand DMW retail business in July 2022.

General and administrative expenses

Our general and administrative expenses decreased by 7.7% from RMB911.2 million in 2021 to RMB840.7 million (US$121.9 million) in 2022, which was primarily due to (i) a decrease in personnel costs from RMB731.6 million in 2021 to RMB210.2 million (US$30.4 million) in 2022 as a result of the staff optimization as part of our significant business strategy adjustments since July 2022 and (ii) a increase in expenses associated with the shutdown of our on-demand DMW retail business from RMB10.0 million in 2021 to RMB416.4 million (US$60.4 million) in 2022.

Technology and content

Our technology and content expenses decreased by 76.6% from RMB745.9 million in 2021 to RMB174.5 million (US$25.3 million) in 2022, which was primarily due to the staff optimization as part of our significant business strategy adjustments since July 2022.

Loss from operations

As a result of the foregoing, our loss from operations decreased by 66.2% from RMB3,861.3 million in 2021 to RMB1,307.0 million (US$189.5 million) in 2022.

Other income, net

We recorded other income, net of RMB1.3 million in 2021 and RMB1.5 million (US$0.2 million) in 2022.

Change in fair value of option and embedded conversion feature

We recorded change in fair value of option and embedded conversion feature of RMB79.4 million in 2021, which primarily reflected the termination of convertible promissory note due to the redemption in 2021. We recorded change in fair value of option and embedded conversion feature of nil in 2022.

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Interest expense, net and changes in fair value of short-term investments

Our interest expense, net and changes in fair value of short-term investments increased from RMB68.9 million in 2021 to RMB216.1 million (US$31.3 million) in 2022. The increase was primarily due to the change in fair value of short-term investments.

Net loss

As a result of the foregoing, our net loss decreased from RMB3,849.8 million in 2021 to RMB1,523.6 million (US$220.9 million) in 2022.

Year Ended December 31, 2021 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2020

Net revenues

Our net revenues increased by 13.4% from RMB6,130.4 million in 2020 to RMB6,951.5 million in 2021, which was primarily due to the increase in our sales of products (formerly known as sales of products through online platforms).

Our sales of product increased by 13.1% from RMB5,999.7 million in 2020 to RMB6,786.1 million in 2021, primarily due to an increase in the number of orders fulfilled and an increase in the revenue generated from our supply chain business.

Our other revenues increased by 26.5% from RMB130.8 million in 2020 to RMB165.5 million in 2021, which was primarily due to an increase in sales of products through our “convenience go” vending machine business and an increase in the revenue generated from our membership program.

Cost and operating expenses

Our total cost and operating expenses increased by 39.1% from RMB7,774.4 million in 2020 to RMB10,812.8 million in 2021.

Cost of revenues

Our cost of revenues increased by 24.1% from RMB4,940.0 million in 2020 to RMB6,131.0 million in 2021, which was primarily due to the increase in total net revenues.

Fulfillment expenses

Our fulfillment expenses increased by 34.5% from RMB1,576.9 million in 2020 to RMB2,121.4 million in 2021, which was primarily due to the increase in the number of orders fulfilled and the increase in headcount of product delivery, warehouse operations, quality control and customer service staff to further enhance fulfillment capabilities.

Sales and marketing expenses

Our sales and marketing expenses increased by 53.3% from RMB589.2 million in 2020 to RMB903.3 million in 2021, which was primarily due to increased advertising expense of RMB632.3 million compared to RMB394.9 million in the same period of 2020 as a result of our increased efforts to acquire new customers and retain existing customers.

General and administrative expenses

Our general and administrative expenses increased by 205.0% from RMB298.8 million in 2020 to RMB911.2 million in 2021, which was primarily due to the increase in share-based compensation associated with our general and administrative staff, recognized upon the completion of the IPO in June 2021, and the increase in the headcount of management staff for new business initiatives.

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Technology and content

Our technology and content expenses increased by 101.9% from RMB369.4 million in 2020 to RMB745.9 million in 2021, which was primarily due to the increase in share-based compensation associated with our technology and content staff, recognized upon the completion of the IPO in June 2021.

Loss from operations

As a result of the foregoing, our loss from operations increased by 134.9% from RMB1,643.9 million in 2020 to RMB3,861.3 million in 2021.

Other income, net

Other income, net decreased from RMB23.4 million in 2020 to RMB1.3 million in 2021, which was primarily due to the decrease in the foreign exchange loss resulting from our US$ denominated debts as RMB appreciated against US$.

Change in fair value of option and embedded conversion feature

The change in fair value of option and embedded conversion feature increased from RMB5.2 million in 2020 to RMB79.4 million in 2021, which was primarily due to the termination of the unexercised conversion right of convertible notes and the termination of unexercised options in 2021.

Interest expense, net and changes in fair value of short-term investments

We had interest expense, net and changes in fair value of short-term investments of RMB33.1 million in 2020 and RMB68.9 million in 2021. The increase was primarily due to an increase in the fair value of our short-term investment.

Investment loss, net

Our investment loss, net increased from RMB0.8 million in 2020 to RMB0.3 million in 2021, which was primarily due to the change in the fair value of our short-term investments.

Net loss

As a result of the foregoing, our net loss increased from RMB1,649.2 million in 2020 to RMB3,849.8 million in 2021.

Selected Balance Sheet Items

Inventories

Our inventories mainly include purchased grocery items in connection with the sales of products through online platforms. As of December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, our inventories, net, were RMB173.7 million, RMB149.5 million and nil, respectively. Our inventory turnover days were 12, 10 and 12 days in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. Our inventory turnover days for a given period equal to average balances of inventories at the beginning and the end of the period divided by cost of revenues during the period and then multiplied by the number of days during the period.

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Accounts payable

Our accounts payable consist of accounts payable to our suppliers, outsourced delivery companies and marketing service providers. As of December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, our accounts payable were RMB1,088.4 million, RMB1,605.7 million and RMB1,304.7 million (US$189.2 million), respectively. Our accounts payable turnover days were 72, 79 and 241 days in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. Since the shutdown of our on-demand DMW retail business, our cost of revenues, fulfillment expenses relating to product delivery and warehouse operation and advertising expenses significantly reduced in 2022 and we ceased to make payments to our suppliers, outsourced delivery companies and marketing service providers, which resulted in a significant increase of accounts payable turnover days. Accounts payable turnover days for a given period equal to average accounts payable at the beginning and the end of the period divided by total of cost of revenues, fulfillment expenses relating to product delivery and warehouse operation and advertising expenses during the period and then multiplied by the number of days during the period.

Accounts receivable

Our accounts receivable primarily include receivables from third-party market place platforms who collect the payment from customers on our behalf as well as receivables from enterprise customers, which are settled in accordance with credit term mutually agreed. Our accounts receivables turnover days were 3, 2 and 7 days in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. The increase of accounts receivable turnover days in 2022 was primarily due to the shutdown of our on-demand DMW retail business in July 2022. Accounts receivables turnover days for a given period equals the average accounts receivables balances as of the beginning and the end of the period divided by total revenues during the period and then multiplied by the number of days during the period.

Significant Accounting Policies and Critical Accounting Estimates

An accounting policy is considered critical if it requires an accounting estimate to be made based on assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time such estimate is made, and if different accounting estimates that reasonably could have been used, or changes in the accounting estimates that are reasonably likely to occur periodically, could materially impact the consolidated financial statements.

We prepare our financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions. We continually evaluate these estimates and assumptions based on the most recently available information, our own historical experiences and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, actual results could differ from our expectations as a result of changes in our estimates. Some of our accounting policies require a higher degree of judgment than others in their application and require us to make significant accounting estimates.

The following descriptions of critical accounting policies, judgments and estimates should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes and other disclosures included in this annual report. When reviewing our financial statements, you should consider (i) our selection of critical accounting policies, (ii) the judgments and other uncertainties affecting the application of such policies and (iii) the sensitivity of reported results to changes in conditions and assumptions.

Revenue recognition

We adopted ASC 606 Revenue from Contracts with Consumers, on January 1, 2018, by applying the full retrospective method. According to ASC 606, revenue is recognized when we satisfy a performance obligation by transferring the control of the promised good or service to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those goods or services, after considering estimated sales return allowances, discount and value added tax (“VAT”). Consistent with the criteria of ASC 606, we follow five steps for its revenue recognition: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, our revenues were primarily derived from (i) sales of product primarily through online platform such as our own “Missfresh” mobile application and mini program, and to a lesser extent, from third parties’ platforms, and through offline supply chain business, (ii) other revenues, including sales of products through convenience go business, membership services and others.

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Sales of products (formerly known as Sales of products through online platforms)

In accordance with ASC 606, we, as a principal, obtain control of specified goods or services before they are transferred to the customers, fulfil the promise to provide the specified products to customers, bear the risk of loss due to factors including physical damage, obsolescence, expired, etc. either before the specified products has been sold to the customers or upon return, and determine the selling price for each product at our sole discretion. Therefore, the revenues should be recognized in the gross amount of consideration to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for the specified products transferred.

We recognize the revenue net of discounts and return allowances when the products are delivered, and the title is passed to customers. For sale of products, we reasonably estimate the possibility of return based on the historical experience. As of December 31, 2021 and 2022, liabilities for return allowance were not material to the consolidated financial statements.

We also sell prepaid cards which can be redeemed to purchase products on our online platform. In accordance with ASC 606, the cash collected from the sales of prepaid cards is initially recorded in deferred revenue in the consolidated balance sheets and subsequently recorded as revenue upon the sales of the products through the redemption of the prepaid cards are completed. We recognized revenue from estimated unredeemed prepaid cards over the expected customer redemption periods.

Other revenues

For the year ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, other revenues were mainly comprised of sales of products through convenience go business, Missfresh membership service revenue and others.

We recognized the revenue from sales of products through convenience go business, where we sell fresh food, snacks, and beverages through the vending machines, net of discounts and return allowances when the products are picked up by the customers, and the title is passed to customers.

We provide Missfresh membership service to the customer with a better shopping experience and access to a variety of benefit that represent a single stand-ready obligation. Fixed membership fees are paid for at the time of or in advance of delivering the service. Revenue from such arrangement are recognized over the subscription period, usually 1-12 months.

Customer incentives and loyalty programs

We provide a variety of incentive programs in the form of discounted coupons to customers when 1) customers purchase the products or 2) customers refer new customer to Missfresh Platform by participating in promotion events.

For incentives given to customers upon their qualified purchase to be used on a current or future purchase with no limitation as to the minimum value of the future purchase, we have determined that these incentives are considered as a separate performance obligation within the scope of ASC 606, as it represents a material rights to the customer. Therefore, the delivered products and incentives awarded are treated as two distinct performance obligations identified in the contract. The total sales consideration is allocated based on management’s best estimate of the relative standalone selling price (“SSP”) of each performance obligation. The amount allocated to incentives is deferred and recognized when the incentives are redeemed or at the incentives’ expiration, whichever occurs first.

For incentives requires the customer to make future purchase of a minimum value in order to enjoy the value provided by the incentive, the rights to purchase discounted products in the future are not considered as a separate performance obligation under ASC 606, as the discount does not represent a material rights to the customer. We assess the significance of the discount by considering its percentage of the total future minimum purchase value, historical usage pattern by the customers, and relative outstanding volume and monetary value of these incentives compared to the other discounts offered by us. These incentives are accounted for as a reduction of revenues on the future purchase.

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For incentives given to a customer upon their successful referral of new customers to our platforms, we have determined that it is paying the customers for a distinct referral service. We will make assessment on the fair value of referral services provided by existing customers based on the market price for referral services provided by third party marketing service vendors. We will record the amount of these incentives granted in sales and marketing expenses to the extent of fair value for referral services received and record any excess as a deduction of revenue. The amount of incentives given to customers recorded in sales and marketing expenses were RMB40.7 million, RMB25.0 million and RMB0.3 million (US$50 thousand) for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively.

Contract balances

A receivable is recorded when we have an unconditional right to consideration. A right to consideration is unconditional if only the passage of time is required before payment of that consideration is due. A contract asset is recorded when we have transferred products to the consumer before payment is received or is due, and our right to consideration is conditional on future performance or other factors in the contract. No contract asset was recorded as of December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022.

A contract liability is recorded when our obligation to transfer goods to a customer has not yet occurred but for which we have received consideration from the customer. Sale of products via online platform are prepaid by the customers, before we deliver the products. We present such amounts as deferred revenue on the consolidated balance sheet. Deferred revenue related to unsatisfied performance obligations at the end of the period primarily consists of the unamortized balance of customer advance of prepaid card, which can be redeemed to purchase products on our platforms. The deferred revenues are recognized based on customers’ consumption for different products. Due to the generally short-term duration of consumption, the majority of the performance obligations are satisfied in the following reporting period. The amount of revenue recognized for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022 that was included in the deferred revenue at the beginning of that year was RMB110.4 million, RMB119.2 million and RMB18.2 million (US$2.6 million), respectively.

Leases

We account for leases in accordance with ASC 842, Lease (“ASC 842”), which requires lessees to recognize leases on-balance sheet and disclose key information about leasing arrangements.

We determine if a contract contains a lease based on whether it has the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of an identified asset which we do not own and whether it has the right to direct the use of an identified asset in exchange for consideration. Operating lease right of use assets (“ROU assets”) represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets are recognized as the amount of the lease liability, adjusted for lease incentives received. Lease liabilities are recognized at the present value of the future lease payments at the lease commencement date. The interest rate used to determine the present value of the future lease payments is our incremental borrowing rate (“IBR”), because the interest rate implicit in most of our leases is not readily determinable. The IBR is a hypothetical rate based on our understanding of what its credit rating would be to borrow and resulting interest we would pay to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment over the lease term on a collateralized basis. Lease payments may be fixed or variable, however, only fixed payments or in-substance fixed payments are included in our lease liability calculation.

We include a right-of-use asset and lease liability related to substantially all of our lease arrangements in the consolidated balance sheets. All of our leases are operating leases. Operating lease assets are included within right-of-use assets, and the corresponding lease liabilities are included in either current or non-current liabilities.

We have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components and has elected to utilize the practical expedient to account for the non-lease components together with the associated lease component as a single combined lease component. We have elected not to present short-term leases on the consolidated balance sheets as these leases have a lease term of 12 months or less at commencement date of the lease. We recognize lease expenses for such short-term lease generally on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

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Share-based Compensation

We grant restricted shares units (“RSU”) and restricted shares to the founders and our executives and share options to our employees (collectively, “Share-based Awards”). Such compensation is accounted for in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation. Share-based Awards with service condition only are measured at the grant date fair value of the awards and recognized as expenses using straight line method over the requisite service period. Share-based awards that are subject to both service conditions and the occurrence of an initial public offering (“IPO”) as performance condition, are measured at the grant date fair value. Cumulative share-based compensation expenses for the awards that have satisfied the service condition are recorded upon the completion of the IPO, using the graded-vesting method. We elected to account for forfeitures when they occur.

The binomial option-pricing model is used to measure the value of share options. The determination of the fair value is affected by the fair value of the ordinary shares as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables, including the expected share price volatility, risk-free interest rates and expected dividends. The fair value of these awards was determined taking into account independent valuation advice.

Our management adopted the following procedures in relation to the valuation of our Level 3 financial liabilities: (i) reviewed the terms of shares-based awards, including vesting period, grand date, vesting condition, etc.; (ii) engaged an independent professional valuer that has appropriate qualifications and relevant experience; (iii) reviewed and discussed with the valuer on the valuation methodology and relevant assumptions; and (iv) reviewed the valuation working papers and results prepared by the valuer. Based on the above procedures, our management are of the view that the valuation analysis performed by the valuer is fair and reasonable, and the estimated fair value of each share option granted is estimated on the date of grant using the binomial option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

Share option granted to employees are only exercisable upon the occurrence of our IPO. We had not recognized any share-based compensation expenses for options granted as of December 31, 2020, because we consider that it is not probable that the performance conditions will be satisfied until the event occurs. In June 2021, due to the completion of the IPO, total expenses of RMB261.4 million were recorded accordingly.

Fair value of ordinary shares

Prior to our initial public offering, we had been a private company with no quoted market prices for our ordinary shares. We therefore need to make estimates of the fair value of our ordinary shares at the dates of grant of share-based awards to our employees and non-employees as the input to determine the grant date fair value of the awards.

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The following table sets forth the fair value of our ordinary shares estimated at different times with the assistance from an independent valuation firm.

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